Herbert Clark Hoovers Impact on the United States

Herbert Clark Hoover was inaugurated President in March of 1929. When he became President, the country was enjoying economic prosperity. Half a year later everything would change. Hoover was born on August 10, 1974 in West Branch, Iowa. His parents were rural Quakers. His father was a blacksmith and his mother a school teacher. He studied geology and mining at Stanford University in that institutions’ first freshman class. He met a female student, Lou Henry, in his geology class, whom he later married. After college Mr. and Mrs. Hoover managed and organized mining properties in China, Africa, Europe, and Western Australia. By the time Hoover was 40 years old, he was a millionaire. In 1914, World War I breaks out. To old to fight,†¦show more content†¦Economic laws suggested that the market worked in waves and the upward spiral could not continue. A wave of panic gripped investors. On October 23, 1929, investors dumped their stocks loosing more than four billion dollars in the market. The next day, known as Black Tuesday, the market lost another nine billion dollars. Without a money supply, no new jobs were created and many were lost. Corporations cut production, slashed wages, and reduced jobs. By 1932, more than one million people were homeless in America and by 1933 almost twenty-five percent of the work force was unemployed. Unable to pay rents or mortgages, eventually nearly six hundred thousand people lost their property. Many took to living in caves, sewer pipes, with relatives, or joined the sea of homeless people. Some sold apples on street corners - some dug through garbage bans - and others begged. Shanty towns, called Hoovervilles sprang up on abandoned land and in parks. Breadlines formed in cities. Many children had nothing to eat. Hoover felt that economic downturns were a normal part of capitalism. They weeded out unproductive firms. He, like many other businessman, opposed federal aid to the unemployed. Many political leaders at the time held the view that the government should not fiscally aid the unemployed as it would do little to spur economic recovery. Hoover, although he did not believe in financially aiding the unemployed, took unprecedented measures to deal with theShow MoreRelatedHerbert Hoover4987 Words   |  20 PagesHerbert Hoover Herbert Clark Hoover was born on August 10, 1874. He was the thirty first president of the United States. Hoovers Term for President was from 1929 to 1933. He was a world-wide known mining engineer and humanitarian administrator. • As the United States Secretary of Commerce in the 1920s under Presidents Warren Harding and Calvin Coolidge, he promoted economic modernization. In the presidential election of 1928, Hoover easily won the Republican Nomination. The nation was prosperousRead MoreAmerican Revolution and Study Guide Essay example5377 Words   |  22 Pageshave argued the Puritanism was especially suited for life in the wilderness of 17th century America. Do you agree or disagree? Explain (10pts) 3. To what extent had the Massachusetts Bay colonists endorsed the idea of the â€Å"separation of church and state?† (10pts) 4. To what extent was the New England Confederation a first step toward colonial unity? (10 pts) Chapter 4 Study Guide â€Å"American Life, 1607-1692† 1. Compare and contrast the colonies of New England and the South based on the following: Read MoreMarketing Mistakes and Successes175322 Words   |  702 PagesELEVENTH EDITION MARKETING MISTAKES AND SUCCESSES 30TH ANNIVERSARY Robert F. Hartley Cleveland State University JOHN WILEY SONS, INC. VICE PRESIDENT PUBLISHER EXECUTIVE EDITOR ASSISTANT EDITOR PRODUCTION MANAGER PRODUCTION ASSISTANT EXECUTIVE MARKETING MANAGER ASSISTANT MARKETING MANAGER MARKETING ASSISTANT DESIGN DIRECTOR SENIOR DESIGNER SENIOR MEDIA EDITOR George Hoffman Lise Johnson Carissa Doshi Dorothy Sinclair Matt Winslow Amy Scholz Carly DeCandia

Mitigating Financial Pain After A Job Loss Essay - 474 Words

Losing a job can be a devastating experience; it can cause a lot of emotional and financial problems. The main consideration when you suffer a job loss is implementing strategies to diminish your current financial set back, until you are able to get back on your feet. However, finding help sometimes can be a daunting experience, but there are help available and we will discuss some of your options. Contact your local unemployment office to start the application process; this is the first step get a handle on your situation. Another reason why it should be your first step, the Unemployment application takes anywhere from two weeks to up three weeks for you to receive your first check. In order to establish eligibility, the unemployment†¦show more content†¦It is important to have all these items on your first visit to save time. It might be a good idea to visit the unemployment office website to verify what item is needed before you start the application process. Unemployment Benefits Your state adjudicates your unemployment benefits as dictated by Federal laws. Your benefits are based on your wages as well as the length of time work during the base period. The State base period varies, but all states stipulate that the unemployment was beyond your control. Child Care Contact your local United Way office, United Way offices sometimes have child care facilities that is income based. Another option you might try is the possibility of becoming a part of a job training programs, these programs sometimes offer child care services to their participants. Food Check to see if you are eligible for the Supplemental Nutritional Assistance Program (SNAP) formally the Food Stamp Program. Snap is a Federal program that offers you the ability to purchase food for your family at most grocery stores. However, there are income limitations plus other stipulated guidelines. You can contact this program to see if they are able to provide any assistance. If you have school age children, you can contact the school system to see if your kids are now eligible for reduce breakfast or lunch programs. Utility Call you local utility company to see if they offer a budget plan. SomeShow MoreRelatedCrisis Counseling Research Paper1237 Words   |  5 Pagesaffect crisis workers. It also incorporates considerations for how countertransference, Secondary Traumatic Stress, Vicarious Posttraumatic Growth, and compassion satisfaction may either complicate or enhance effectiveness. The conclusion suggests mitigating factors for concerns which could impede effectiveness matched to my needs. The following definitions apply within the assessment: †¢ Burnout involves environmental and organizational factors in a process-oriented manner impeding counselors’ relationshipRead MoreGeriatric Assessment7902 Words   |  32 PagesChronological narrative of reasons for patient visit. 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Contaminacion Del Aire Essay Example For Students

Contaminacion Del Aire Essay Rama de la filosofia que trata de los problemas filosoficos que rodean la teoria del conocimiento. La epistemologia se ocupa de la definicion del saber y de los conceptos relacionados, de las fuentes, los criterios, los tipos de conocimiento posible y el grado con el que cada uno resulta cierto; asi como la relacion exacta entre el que conoce y el objeto conocido. INTRODUCCION. He aqui unos de los grandes temas de la filosofia de todos los tiempos :elucidar en que consiste el acto de conocer, cual es la escencia del conocimiento, cual es la relacion cognoscitiva entre el hombre y las cosas que lo rodean. A pesar de que es una operacion cotidiana no hay un acuerdo acerca de lo que sucede cuando conocemos algo. La definicion mas sencilla nos dice que conocer consiste en obtener una informacionacerca de un objeto. Conocer es conseguir un dato o una noticia sobre algo. El conocimiento es esa noticia o informacion acerca de ese objeto. La teoria del conocimiento es una doctrina filosofica. Para precisar su ubicacion en el todo que es la filosofia, es necesario que antes aparezca una definicion esencial de esta. Una definicion esencial de la filosofia se podria obtener atendiendo el significado de la palabra. El termino filosofia deriva del griego y quiere decir amora la sabiduria o , lo que es lo mismo, deseo de saber, de conocer. Inmediatamente se nota que no se puede de obtener de la filosofia una definicion esencial, y, por lo tanto, obligatoriamente se debe de emplear otro metodo. Por ejemplo la definicion de filosofia que presentan Platon y Aristoteles como ciencia pura, es respectivamente la busqueda de la virtud o de la felicidad. Como dice Dilthey: Lo primero que debemos intentar es descubrir un objetivo comun contenido en todos aquellos sistemas a cuya vista se constituyen todos aquellos sistemas de la filosofia. Estos sistemas son los de Platon y Aristoteles, Descartes y Leibnitz, Kant y Hegelya que en todos ellos hallaremos una inclinacion en la universalidad, una orientacion en la totalidad objetiva por ejemplo: el ser, la esencia, el conocimiento. En los principios de la edad moderna retomamos los caminos del conceptoAristotelico (tiene como centro una ciencia universal del ser). Los sistemas de Descartes, Spinoza y Leibnitz, presentan la misma orientacion que caracteriza al Estagirita, ya que todos tienden al conocimiento del mundo objetivo. Kant por el contrario revive el estilo Platonico (procura elevar la vida, con todos sus conceptos a la conciencia filosofica). Es verdad que Kant en su primera manifestacion surge como una teoria del conocimiento o como base criticadel estudio cientifico. Pero no se detiene en el ambito teorico sino que avanza a formular la base critica de todos los campos conocibles. Al lado de la Critica de la razon pura, se encuentra la Critica de la razon practica, que aborda el tema de la valorizacion moral, y la Critica del juicio, cuyo objetivo son las investigaciones criticas de los valoresesteticos. Asi pues, en Kant aparece la filosofia como una reflexion universal del pensamiento sobre si mismo, como una reflexion del hombre estudioso sobre los valores de su conducta. La supresion de todos los principios materiales y objetivos, los cuales existen indudablemente en Kant, de manera que la filosofia asume un caracterpuramente formal y metodologico. Esta postura intelectual provoca una reaccion que forja un nuevo movimiento en el pensamiento filosofico, el cual vuelve a inclinarse a lo material y objetivo, constituyendo una renovacion del caracter aristotelico. Este breve repaso de toda la evolucionhistorica del pensamiento filosofico, nos permite determinar otros dos elementos del concepto esencial de la filosofia. Al primero se conoce con la expresion concepcion del yo; al segundo se le llama concepcion del universo. La filosofia es ambas cosas: una concepcion del yo y una concepcion del universo. En todo conocimiento podemos distinguir cuatro elementos: El sujeto que conoce. †¢ El objeto conocido. †¢ La operacion misma de conocer. †¢ El resultado obtenido que es la informacion recabada acerca del objeto. Dicho de otra manera: el sujeto se pone en contacto con el objeto y obtiene una informacion acerca del mismo. Cuando existe congruencia o adecuacion entre el objeto y la representacion interna correspondiente, decimos que estamos en posesion de una verdad. PROBLEMAS FILOSOFICOS GRIEGOS Y MEDIEVALES. En el siglo V a. C. , los sofistas griegos cuestionaron la posibilidad de que hubiera un conocimiento fiable y objetivo. Por ello, uno de los principales sofistas, Gorgias, afirmo que nada puede existir en realidad, que si algo existe no se puede conocer, y que si su conocimiento fuera posible, no se podria comunicar. Otro sofista importante, Protagoras, mantuvo que ninguna opinion de una persona es mas correcta que la de otra, porque cada individuoes el unico juez de su propia experiencia. Platon, siguiendo a su ilustre maestro Socrates, intento contestar a los sofistas dando por sentado la existencia de un mundo de formas o ideas, invariables e invisibles, sobre las que es posible adquirir un conocimiento exacto y certero. Mantenia que las cosas que uno ve y palpa son copias imperfectas de las formas puras estudiadas en matematicas y filosofia. Por consiguiente, solo el razonamiento abstracto de esas disciplinas proporciona un conocimiento verdadero, mientras que la percepcion facilita opiniones vagas e inconsistentes. Concluyo que la contemplacion filosofica del mundo oculto de las ideas es el fin mas elevado de la existencia humana. Aristoteles siguio a Platon al considerar el conocimiento abstracto superior a cualquier otro, pero discrepo de su juicio en cuanto al metodo apropiado ara alcanzarlo. Aristoteles mantenia que casi todo el conocimiento se deriva de la experiencia. El conocimiento se adquiere ya sea por via directa, con la abstraccion de los rasgos que definen a una especie, o de forma indirecta, deduciendo nuevos datos de aquellos ya sabidos, de acuerdo con las reglas de la logica. La observacioncuidadosa y la adhesion estricta a las reglas de la logica, que por primera vez fueron expuest as de forma sistematica por Aristoteles, ayudarian a superar las trampas teoricas que los sofistas habian expuesto. Las escuelas estoica y epicurea coincidieron con Aristoteles en que el conocimiento nace de la percepcion pero, al contrario que Aristoteles y Platon, mantenian que la filosofia habia de ser considerada como una guia practica para la vida y no como un fin en si misma. Despues de varios siglos de declive del interes por el conocimiento racional y cientifico, el filosofo escolastico (vease Escolasticismo) santo Tomas de Aquino y otros filosofos de la edad media ayudaron a devolver la confianza en la razon y la experiencia, combinando los metodos racionales y la fe en un sistema unificado de creencias. Tomas de Aquino coincidio con Aristoteles en considerar la percepcion como el punto de partida y la logica como el procedimiento intelectual para llegar a un conocimiento fiable de la naturaleza, pero estimo que la fe en la autoridadbiblica era la principal fuente de la creencia religiosa. LOS TRES NIVELES DEL CONOCIMIENTO. El ser humano puede captar un objeto en tres diferentes niveles, sensible, conceptual y holistico. El conocimiento sensible consiste en captar un objeto por medio de los sentidos; tal es el caso de las imagenes captadas por medio de la vista. Gracias a ella podemos almacenar en nuestra mente las imagenes de las cosas, con color, figura y dimensiones. Los ojos y los oidos son los principales sentidos utilizados por el ser humano. Los animales han desarrollado poderosamente el olfato y el tacto. En segundo lugar, tenemos el conocimiento conceptual, que consiste en representaciones invisibles, inmateriales, pero universales y esenciales. La principal diferencia entre el nivel sensible y el conceptual reside en la singularidad y universalidad que caracteriza, respectivamente, a estos dos tipos de conocimiento. El conocimiento sensible es singular y el conceptual universal. Por ejemplo, puedo ver y mantener la imagende mi padre; esto es conocimiento sensible, singular. Pero ademas, puedo tener el concepto de padre, que abarca a todos los padres; es universal. El concepto de padre ya no tiene color o dimensiones; es abstracto. La imagen de padre es singular, y representa a una persona con dimensiones y figura concretas. En cambioel concepto de padre es universal (padre es el ser que da vida a otro ser). La imagen de padre solo se aplica al que tengo en frente. En cambio, el concepto de padre se aplica a todos los padres. Por esto decimos que la imagen es singular y el concepto es universal. En tercer lugar tenemos el conocimiento holistico (tambien llamado intuitivo, con el riesgo de muchas confusiones, dado que la palabra intuicion se ha utilizado hasta para hablar de premoniciones y corazonadas). En este nivel tampoco hay colores, dimensiones ni estructuras universales como es el caso del conocimiento conceptual. Intuir un objeto significa captarlo dentro de un amplio contexto, como elemento de una totalidad, sin estructuras ni limitesdefinidos con claridad. La palabra holistico se refiere a esta totalidad percibida en el momento de la intuicion (holos significa totalidad en griego). La principal diferencia entre el conocimiento holistico y conceptual reside en las estructuras. El primero carece de estructuras, o por lo menos, tiende a prescindir de ellas. El concepto, en cambio, es un conocimiento estructurado. Debido a esto, lo percibido a nivel intuitivo no se puede definir, (definir es delimitar), se capta como un elemento de una totalidad, se tiene una vivencia de una presencia, pero sin poder expresarla adecuadamente. Aqui esta tambien la raiz de la dificultad para dar ejemplos concretos de este conocimiento. Intuir un valor, por ejemplo, es tener la vivencia o presencia de ese valor y apreciarlo como tal, pero con una escasa probabilidad de poder expresarla y comunicarla a los demas. Un ejemplo de conocimiento holistico o intuitivo es el caso de un descubrimiento en el terreno de la ciencia. Cuando un cientifico dislumbra una hipotesis explicativa de los fenomenos que estudia, podemos decir que ese momento tiene un conocimiento holistico, es decir, capta al objeto studiado en un contexto amplio en donde se relaciona con otros objetos y se explica el fenomeno, sus relaciones, sus cambios y sus caracteristicas. El trabajo posterior del cientifico, una vez que ha vislumbrado una hipotesis, consiste en traducir en terminos estructurados ( conceptos) la vision que ha captado en el conocimiento holistico, gracias a un momento de inspiracion. La captacion de valores nos ofrece el mejor ejemplo de conoci miento holistico. Podemos ver a un ser humano enfrente de nosotros (esto es un conocimiento sensible o de primer nivel). Survival Tips For Small Businesses Essay PaperAsi, las leyes de la ciencia mas certeras podrian no seguir siendo verdad: una conclusion que tuvo un impacto revolucionario en la filosofia. El filosofo aleman Immanuel Kant intento resolver la crisis provocada por Locke y llevada a su punto mas alto por las teorias de Hume; propuso una solucion en la que combinaba elementos del racionalismo con algunas tesis procedentes del empirismo. Coincidio con los racionalistas en que se puede tener conocimiento exacto y certero, pero siguio a los empiristas en mantener que dicho conocimiento es mas informativo sobre la estructura del pensamiento que sobre el mundo que se halla al margen del mismo. Distinguio tres tipos de conocimiento: analitico a priori, que es exacto y certero pero no informativo, porque solo aclara lo que esta contenido en las definiciones; sintetico a posteriori, que transmite informacion sobre el mundo aprendido a partir de la experiencia, pero esta sujeto a los errores de los sentidos, y sintetico a priori, que se descubre por la intuicion y es a la vez exacto y certero, ya que expresa las condiciones necesarias que la mente impone a todos los objetos de la experiencia. Las matematicas y la filosofia, de acuerdo con Kant, aportan este ultimo tipo de conocimiento. Desde los tiempos de Kant, una de las cuestiones sobre las que mas se ha debatido en filosofia ha sido si existe o no el conocimiento sintetico a priori. Durante el siglo XIX, el filosofo aleman George Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel retomo la afirmacion racionalista de que el conocimiento certero de la realidad puede alcanzarse con caracter absoluto equiparando los procesos del pensamiento, de la naturaleza y de la historia. Hegel provoco un interes por la historia y el enfoque historico del conocimiento que mas tarde fue realzado por Herbert Spencer en Gran Bretana y la escuela alemana del historicismo. Spencer y el filosofo frances Auguste Comte llamaron la atencion sobre la importancia de la sociologia como una rama del conocimiento y ambos aplicaron los principios del empirismo al estudio de la sociedad. La escuela estadounidense del pragmatismo, fundada por los filosofos Charles Sanders Peirce, William James y John Dewey a principios de este siglo, llevo el empirismo aun mas lejos al mantener que el conocimiento es un instrumento de accion y que todas las creencias tenian que ser juzgadas por su utilidad como reglas para predecir las experiencias. POSICION DE LOS AUTORES FRENTE AL CONCOCIMIENTO. Para algunos autores, el fundamento de la posibilidad del conocimiento es la realidad, bien la sensible (como han defendido los filosofos de orientacion empirista), bien la inteligible (como aquellos racionalistas que han defendido el caracter realmente existente de las entidades conceptuales o nociones generales). El primer gran filosofo que abordo el estudio del conocimiento fue el frances Rene Descartes, en el siglo XVII. Descartes intento descubrir un fundamento del conocimiento que fuera independiente de limites y supuestos. Para el, conocer es partir de una proposicion evidente, que se apoya en una intuicion primaria. Descartes formulo tal proposicion en su celebre sentencia: pienso, luego existo. Kant nego que la realidad pudiera ser explicada mediante los solos conceptos y se propuso conseguir el mismo objetivo, pero intentando determinar los limites y capacidades de la razon. Si bien existen, efectivamente, juicios sinteticos apriori, que son la condicion necesaria de toda comprehension de la naturaleza (trascendentales), el ambito del conocimiento de limita, sin embargo en el pensamiento de Kant, al reino de la experiencia. Segun el britanico John Locke, representante moderado del empirismo, las impresiones de la sensibilidad solo formaban la base primaria del conocimiento. El tambien britanico David Hume y algunos autores neopositivistas posteriores consideraron, por el contrario, que las nociones de las ciencias formales no son empiricas ni conceptuales, sino formales y, por lo tanto, vacias de conocimiento. De acuerdo con determinadas formas de empirismo existen otras experiencias ademas de la sensible, como la experiencia historica, la experiencia intelectual, etc. En estas posiciones, a algunos de cuyos precursores los alemanes Friedrich Nietzsche y Wilhelm Dilthey- dificilmente se les puede considerar como empiristas, el termino experiencia se entiende en un sentido mas amplio. Los autores mas representativos de estas posiciones son el aleman Martin Heidegger y el frances Jean- Paul- Sartre, que defendieron posturas existencialistas; los estadounidenses John Dewey y William James, de orientacion pragmatista; y el espanol Jose Ortega y Gasset, que mantuvo la postura que el llamo raciovitalismo, en la que vida y razon constituian los dos polos de su concepcion del mundo. EL CONOCIMIENTO CIENTIFICO. Mientras que la epistemologia ha sido entendida tradicionalmente como una teoria del conocimiento en general, en el siglo XX los filosofos se interesaron principalmente por construir una teoria del conocimiento cientifico, suponiendo que si se lograra disponer de teoria adecuadas que explicaran los mecanismos de un conocimiento de este tipo, podrian avanzar considerablemente por la misma via en la solucion de problemas gnoseologicos (doctrinas filosofica y religiosa que pretendia tener un conocimiento misterioso e instintivo de las cosas divinas) mas generales. La elaboracion de una epistemologia de este tipo constituyo la tarea abordada especialmente por los autores del Circulo de Viena, que fueron el germen de todo movimiento del empirismo o positivismo logico. Para estos filosofos se trataba de conseguir un sistema unitario de saber y conocimiento, lo que requeria la unificacion del lenguaje y la metodologia de las distintas ciencias. Este lenguaje deberia ser insersubjetivo lo que exigia la utilizacion de formalismos y de una semantica comun- y universal, es decir, cualquier proposicion debia poder traducirse a el. Lo unico que puede hacerse es formular la hipotesis de la existencia de una realidad independiente de nuestra experiencia e indicar criterios para su contrastacion en la medida en que una afirmacion de existencia implica determinados enunciados perceptivos. No hay ninguna posibilidad de decision respecto a una realidad o idealidad absolutas. Ello seria, en palabras de Carnap, un seudoproblema. Todas las formas epistemologicas de la tradicion filosofica inspiradas en posiciones metafisicas el idealismo y el realismo filosofico, el fenomelanismo, el solipsismo, etc. caerian, asi, fuera del ambito del conocimiento empirico, ya que buscarian responder a una pregunta imposible. EPISTEMOLOGIA EN EL SIGLO XX. A principios del siglo XX los problemas epistemologicos fueron discutidos a fondo y sutiles matices de diferencia empezaron a dividir a las distintas escuelas de pensamiento rivales. Se presto especial atencion a la relacion entre el acto de percibir algo, el objeto percibido de una f orma directa y la cosa que se puede decir que se conoce como resultado de la propia percepcion. Los autores fenomenologicos afirmaron que los objetos de conocimiento son los mismos que los objetos percibidos. Los neorealistas sostuvieron que se tienen percepciones directas de los objetos fisicos o partes de los objetos fisicos en vez de los estados mentales personales de cada uno. Los realistas criticos adoptaron una posicion intermedia, manteniendo que aunque se perciben solo datos sensoriales, como los colores y los sonidos, estos representan objetos fisicos sobre los cuales aportan conocimiento. Un metodo para enfrentarse al problema de clarificar la relacion entre el acto de conocer y el objeto conocido fue elaborado por el filosofo aleman Edmund Husserl. Perfilo un procedimiento elaborado, al que llamo fenomenologia, por medio del cual se puede distinguir como son las cosas a partir de como uno piensa que son en realidad, alcanzando asi una comprension mas precisa de las bases conceptuales del conocimiento. Durante el segundo cuarto del siglo XX surgieron dos escuelas de pensamiento, ambas deudoras del filosofo austriaco Ludwig Wittgenstein. Por una parte, la escuela del empirismo o positivismo logico, tuvo su origen en Viena, Austria, pero pronto se extendio por todo el mundo. Los empiristas logicos hicieron hincapie en que solo hay una clasede conocimiento: el conocimiento cientifico; que cualquier conocimiento valido tiene que ser verificable en la experiencia; y, por lo tanto, que mucho de lo que habia sido dado por bueno por la filosofia no era ni verdadero ni falso, sino carente de sentido. A la postre, siguiendo a Hume y a Kant, se tenia que establecer una clara distincion entre enunciados analiticos y sinteticos. El llamado criterio de verificabilidad del significado ha sufrido cambios como consecuencia de las discusiones entre los propios empiristas logicos, asi como entre sus criticos, pero no ha sido descartado. La ultima de estas recientes escuelas de pensamiento, englobadas en el campo del analisis linguistico (veaseFilosofia analitica) o en la filosofia del lenguaje corriente, parece romper con la epistemologia tradicional. Los analistas linguisticos se han propuesto estudiar el modo real en que se usan los terminos epistemologicos claves —terminos como conocimiento, percepcion y probabilidad— y formular reglas definitivas para su uso con objeto de evitar confusiones verbales. El filosofo britanico John Langshaw Austin afirmo, por ejemplo, que decir que un enunciado es verdadero no anade nada al enunciado excepto una promesa por parte del que habla o escribe. Austin no considera la verdad como una cualidad o propiedad de los enunciados o elocuciones. CONCLUSION. : Si la epistemologia el estudio del conocimiento- constituye, por su propia naturaleza, una de las partes esenciales de la filosofia, la creciente importancia en la ciencia y la consiguiente necesidad de dotarla de solidos fundamentos teoricos ha acrecentado aun mas el interes por la misma en el moderno pensamiento filosofico. BIBLIOGRAFIA. : 1. Enciclopedia Hispanica; 5: 402-404; 1994-1995. 1. Enciclopedia Microsoft Encarta `97. 1. Gutierrez Saenz, Raul; Introduccion a la filosofia; Editorial Esfinge. 1. Hessen; Teoria del conocimiento; Editorial Esfinge.

Netflix Companys Strategies

Introduction The availability of new opportunities through which the various consumers could watch movies had greatly created a ripe environment for the development of competition in the movie rental industry. Market research indicated that the industry was very lucrative as it totaled a combined consumer expenditure of $9.5 billion in 2004.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Netflix Company’s Strategies specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The industry was made up of four segments. The first was the rentals via mail which raked in total revenue of $2 billion. There were also In-store rentals which brought in revenues totaling to $5.8 billion. Video on Demand (VOD) accounted for $1.3 billion while vending machines brought in $400 million. The industry was projected to hold a higher potential for the increase by 68 per cent in the rental of DVDs between 2007 and 2011. Case 4 is about the competition tha t has been going on between Netflix and Blockbuster, two players in the movie rental industry. Blockbuster launched Total Access, a concept that allowed subscribers to return the movies that they had rented by mail for a free rental. This strategy that was employed by the firm worked greatly as the online sales of Blockbuster nearly doubled. By the end of 2006, Blockbuster had a total of 2.2 million subscribers. This was a huge chunk of the movie rental market given that the firm was started many years after Netflix had been introduced into the market. Business Problem And Critical Issues Porter’s five forces analysis There is a high rate of competition in the movie rental industry in the US. This is supported by first, the high power of the buyers. According to Porter (2008), when there is a variety of substitutes from which users can choose from, they gain significant power and thus they can switch from one subscriber to the other depending on the products that they are bei ng offered. The users could access the movie rentals via live streaming, using their TV remote to place orders from their cable providers or even use Video on Demand services. Also, there was a high threat of substitutes as the users could either go to the theatres, buy DVDs or rent s all this were way through which they could be able to satisfy their viewing pleasure.Advertising Looking for critical writing on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The threat of new entrants was more real in the industry as the cost of entry was not prohibitive. The suppliers also enjoyed a considerable power in the industry especially the movie production houses that were to rent out the various rights for the movies that they produced for rental services. This has been the force that shapes up the competition in the movie industry. Industry driving forces There exists a variety of driving forces that were being faced in the in dustry. First, there was an increase in the online rental of DVDs, movie file and music download and consumers were also highly interested in VOD. This greatly increased the competition between the players in the industry as the firms that operated in the industry focused on how they could be able to provide the services that were required by the various buyers in the industry. The online rental accounted for a big chunk thus a firm that provided the online rental services were more likely to acquire more market share in the industry where the firms operated (Porter, 2008). The industry was also being impacted on by the low prices of high definition TVs. This has provided increased more quality viewing for the various consumers thus an increase in the viewing. The competition ill increase in the industry due to the rise in the number of players who will be involved in the provision of online movie rentals. Industry profile and attractiveness The industry is controlled by innovation. The innovativeness of a firm is a major contributor to the firm’s ability to be able to withstand the environment of the operations. Netflix is very innovative as it could anticipate changes in the tastes of the customers. Those customers who were able to stream the movies direct to their PCs were given an opportunity by the discoveries that Netflix made. The firm was able to anticipate these changes and make discoveries for the technology that was needed. The workforce of Netflix is very innovative thus they are able to ensure that the market demands are met by the firm in terms of the design, production and marketing activities.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Netflix Company’s Strategies specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More When such a scenario comes up, the firm will lose out in terms of both the quantity and quality of the product offering (Thomke, 2003). The movie recommendation softw are that was being used by Netflix also significantly increased their sales as the subscribers were given a list of movies together with their previews. This recommendation was based on the previous orders that the customers of the firm had made. The strategy of Netflix is also long term, for instance, they properly anticipated the changes that would take place 3in the industry. They engage in strategic partnerships for instance the partnership with LG that allowed for the instant watching of the videos direct to the television screens of the subscribers of the firm (Porter, 2008). Also, the firm was focused and anticipated that the profitability in the industry was pegged on the ability to stream content over the Internet and not the traditional method of postal delivery. Even though Blockbuster had been the leader in the movie rental industry, it was faced with a myriad of problems which greatly affected the operations of the firm. The high costs that were incurred by the firm sig nificantly ate into the profit that would have been enjoyed by the firm. The firm also trailed behind Netflix in the various discoveries and innovations. The first instance is that of no limit on charges on the DVDs that overstayed and the use of online moving rentals. The firm still maintained the brick and mortar stores that were significantly incurring more costs than Netflix (Porter, 2008). Considering the analysis, it can be rightfully said that Netflix was best positioned at it was well poised to benefits from the various changes that were expected in the movie rental industry. The innovations that the firm made and the alliances have put it in a strategic position to be able to capitalize on the changes in the climate when the changes do occur. Parameters For Analysis Key success factors in the movie rental industry In the next 3-5 years, there is a variety of factors that will shape the competition in the movie rental industry. The first will be the ease of access. There is a growing consumer trend towards accessing the movie rentals through the provision of Internet.Advertising Looking for critical writing on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This increased level of access has increased the number of consumers who may be able to access the movies (Gamble Thompson, 2011). In most instances, the customers who were not able to access the brick and mortar stores have a higher opportunity to be able to access the movies. The growth has been split between the two major players in the movie rental industry (Porter, 2008). The streaming of movies direct to the PC is also a trend that will take the industry by storm in the coming years. Since the speed of Internet access has been growing at an alarming rate, the players in the industry will need to provide a live movie streaming after subscription. The opportunity will be for the downloading of the movies on VOD or straight into their TV sets. There are also the issues regarding the quality of the offering, for instance, late return penalties, the quality of the movies especially the use of High Definition TV, etc. Strategy of Netflix The generic competitive strategy that is emp loyed by the firm is broad differentiation. The industry was characterized by movie rentals that were delivered by mail, but the firm has seen an opportunity through which it can increase its focus. Apart from offering movies that could be streamed live to the PC of the subscribers, the firm also explored other opportunities for instance the broadening of the product offering to the other platform. The differentiation was good for the firm as the customers began to appreciate the quality that was being offered. The quality of the viewing was an advantage that had been established at the firm (Gamble Thompson, 2011). The type of competitive advantage that Netflix is trying to achieve is differentiation which was in terms of the products that the firm offered and also the quality of the offering of the products of the firm. SWOT analysis Netflix There exists a variety of strengths that are enjoyed by the firm. The first is the high brand recognition. The firm entered the industry at a time when there were very few competitors in the market. Therefore, the firm has continued to strengthen its brand through the offering of unique services, for instance, DVD rental by mail was an original idea of the firm, later, the firm also engaged in offering of a larger variety of products as compared to the competitors. Secondly, the firm understands the competitor’s weaknesses and uses this knowledge to provide services that satisfy the customers. The first issue here is the late fees, when the firm realized that the customers were irritated when they were charged late fees, it scrapped these fees from its operations, therefore creating a good feeling in it customers (Porter, 2008). Netflix recommended that customers be able to buy their movies from Wal Mart while Wal Mart encouraged the people looking for movie rentals to be able to visit Netflix website. Also, the website of the firm is an award winning (Chung McLarney, 1999). It has the capability to accurately p redict and recommend the movies that the visitors will more likely want to rent. This was based on the algorithms that used the information regarding the last (previous) rentals of the customers. The weaknesses included the inability to provide enough copies of newly released movies. This led to some dissatisfaction by customers as most people always prefer watching the movies around the same time that they premiere in the movie theatres. In its endeavors to keep the cost of the operations down, the firm focuses on limited renting thus leading to loss of potential customers (Chung McLarney, 1999). The waiting period between the time the customers rent the movies and the time they are receiving them are also long. Finally, the firm has no direct connection with movie production studios and thus must purchase through the consumer channel making the movies expensive. The opportunity that is available to the firm is the development of live streaming and the ability of the firm to absor b the current providers just as it was able to absorb the Wal Mart’s DVD section. Finally, the threats that are faced by Netflix include the high rate of competition in the movie rental industry. The firm is also less suited to compete with hardware innovations such as Apple TV (Chung McLarney, 1999). There is also the potential threat of entry by other firms for instance in VOD. Blockbuster The strengths that blockbuster enjoy includes brand familiarity. Secondly, the firm has global operations; the firm also has partnerships with movie studios thus significantly lowering the costs of the firm. The firm also offered more avenues through which the movie rentals can be undertaken; by mail or in the stores. Customer satisfaction is achieved through offering a free movie rental for those who returned DVDs by mail, and finally the varieties of the movies chosen. The weaknesses included the damaged brand due to the previous charging of fees, low levels of success in the home deli very of movies and the low investor confidence (Leonard, 1995). The opportunities that the firm had included the creation of store experiences, the development of online network of distribution, lower price offering due to the partnership with the movie production companies. Finally, the threats that the firm faced include the VOD, increased competition especially from Netflix and the deregulation of broadband which would allow for the streaming of movies over the Internet. Sustainable Competitive strength The competitive strength of Netflix compares with that of blockbuster in that while blockbuster has physical stores from which it operates Netflix makes use of mail-orders. Due to the nature of business that Blockbuster has adapted, it enhances its competitiveness through rentals since by renting in many places will ensure that it lowers the high fixed costs (Porter, 2008). Some of the marketing strategies that blockbuster has put in place are game and movie pass which allows clie nts to have a limitless game or rent movies for a month at a fixed rate. For Netflix, the cost structure is totally different in that it has ensured that its fixed costs are far much lower than those of Blockbuster. In other words, while blockbuster makes use of physical stores, Netflix makes use of distribution centers, websites and inventory as its fixed costs and are much cheaper than those of Blockbuster. Due to this, the average rental from Netflix is much lower than that of blockbuster and can attract a higher number of customers. Netflix ahs a better competitive advantage than Blockbuster in that it has a lower cost and also it can increase its markets share greatly by â€Å"stealing† customers from Blockbuster while it would be relatively hard for Blockbuster to do the same (Porter, 2008). In other words, Blockbuster desperately needs to have market share something which Netflix does nott and Netflix can use that to its advantage whenever it needs. Pros And Cons Finan cial analysis of the firm Netflix The earnings per share greatly increased especially following the slump that was registered by the firm in 2000. From 2002 onwards to 2007, the increase shows that the firm has been on the path of success as there was an increase from $ 0.74 in 2002 to stand at $1.00 in 2007. The operating margin of Netflix was increasing especially to 7.6 percent in 2007 from 5.5 per cent in 2006. The current ratio for Netflix stood at 2.07. ROA has been increasing, i.e. from 0.8 per cent in 2006 to 9.8 per cent in 2007 (Kipling, n.d.). Blockbuster The current ratio for 2007 is 1.02, thus, this shows that the firm has a high potential to pay its liabilities as the assets can be quickly converted into cash. The earnings per share of the firm have been on a downward spiraling posting very low figures in 2007. Form $ 6.89 in 2004 to $ 0.45 in 2007. The operating margin of the firm decreased from 4.9 per cent in 2006 to 0.7 per cent in 2007. ROA has been reducing, i.e. from 1.6 per cent in 2006 to negative figures (Kipling, n.d.). Considering the financial ratios, Netflix is in a stronger position as compared to Blockbuster. Netflix has stronger cash flow liquidity than its competitors. Priority management issues At Netflix, there are two main issues that must be addressed. There are concerns about the DVD based movie rentals. This is informed by the fact that there is a high increase in the development of new technologies. Secondly, focus on the provision of new movies (Gamble Thompson, 2011). Action Recommendations The main recommendations that can be given in regard to that two issues include a focus on the provision of movies in other formats. This will be afforded by eh firm especially considering the fact that the firm has a huge reserve of assets that can finance the various operations. The firm should also enter a partnership with the movie producers so that it can further reduce its costs of operation. This will further contribute towar ds strengthening the firm. The issues that should be dealt with by the firm include high costs especially those that are associated with the expenses and the dwindling brand equity and recognition (Gamble Thompson, 2011). The recommendations that will be used in this case include a higher focus on using online avenues rather than the use of brick and mortar stores that require so many employees and high costs of inventory to keep. Secondly, the firm should increase the movie offering so that it can offer the quality that the consumers had known the firm for. Conclusion From the case analysis, it has been established that Netflix will significantly have a higher rate of returns for its investors and will continue to dominate the industry. This is possible to undertake through the differentiation focused competitive advantage, the strategic alliances and innovation at the firm. References Chung, E., McLarney, N. (1999), â€Å"When Giants Collide: Strategic Analysis and Applicationà ¢â‚¬ , Management Decision 37(3): 233 – 247. Gamble, J., Thompson, A. (2011), Essentials of strategic management: The quest for competitive advantage, New York, NY: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Kipling, R. (n.d.), A guide to Case Analysis. Web. Leonard, D. (1995), Wellsprings of Knowledge: Building and sustaining the sources of innovation, Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press. Porter, M. (2008), â€Å"The five competitive forces that shape strategy†, Business Harvard review, January: 1 -18. Thomke, S. (2003), Experimentation matters: Unlocking the potential of new technologies for innovation, Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press. This critical writing on Netflix Company’s Strategies was written and submitted by user Xavi A. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. 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