Herbert Clark Hoovers Impact on the United States

Herbert Clark Hoover was inaugurated President in March of 1929. When he became President, the country was enjoying economic prosperity. Half a year later everything would change. Hoover was born on August 10, 1974 in West Branch, Iowa. His parents were rural Quakers. His father was a blacksmith and his mother a school teacher. He studied geology and mining at Stanford University in that institutions’ first freshman class. He met a female student, Lou Henry, in his geology class, whom he later married. After college Mr. and Mrs. Hoover managed and organized mining properties in China, Africa, Europe, and Western Australia. By the time Hoover was 40 years old, he was a millionaire. In 1914, World War I breaks out. To old to fight,†¦show more content†¦Economic laws suggested that the market worked in waves and the upward spiral could not continue. A wave of panic gripped investors. On October 23, 1929, investors dumped their stocks loosing more than four billion dollars in the market. The next day, known as Black Tuesday, the market lost another nine billion dollars. Without a money supply, no new jobs were created and many were lost. Corporations cut production, slashed wages, and reduced jobs. By 1932, more than one million people were homeless in America and by 1933 almost twenty-five percent of the work force was unemployed. Unable to pay rents or mortgages, eventually nearly six hundred thousand people lost their property. Many took to living in caves, sewer pipes, with relatives, or joined the sea of homeless people. Some sold apples on street corners - some dug through garbage bans - and others begged. Shanty towns, called Hoovervilles sprang up on abandoned land and in parks. Breadlines formed in cities. Many children had nothing to eat. Hoover felt that economic downturns were a normal part of capitalism. They weeded out unproductive firms. He, like many other businessman, opposed federal aid to the unemployed. Many political leaders at the time held the view that the government should not fiscally aid the unemployed as it would do little to spur economic recovery. Hoover, although he did not believe in financially aiding the unemployed, took unprecedented measures to deal with theShow MoreRelatedHerbert Hoover4987 Words   |  20 PagesHerbert Hoover Herbert Clark Hoover was born on August 10, 1874. He was the thirty first president of the United States. Hoovers Term for President was from 1929 to 1933. He was a world-wide known mining engineer and humanitarian administrator. • As the United States Secretary of Commerce in the 1920s under Presidents Warren Harding and Calvin Coolidge, he promoted economic modernization. In the presidential election of 1928, Hoover easily won the Republican Nomination. The nation was prosperousRead MoreAmerican Revolution and Study Guide Essay example5377 Words   |  22 Pageshave argued the Puritanism was especially suited for life in the wilderness of 17th century America. Do you agree or disagree? Explain (10pts) 3. To what extent had the Massachusetts Bay colonists endorsed the idea of the â€Å"separation of church and state?† (10pts) 4. To what extent was the New England Confederation a first step toward colonial unity? (10 pts) Chapter 4 Study Guide â€Å"American Life, 1607-1692† 1. Compare and contrast the colonies of New England and the South based on the following: Read MoreMarketing Mistakes and Successes175322 Words   |  702 PagesELEVENTH EDITION MARKETING MISTAKES AND SUCCESSES 30TH ANNIVERSARY Robert F. Hartley Cleveland State University JOHN WILEY SONS, INC. VICE PRESIDENT PUBLISHER EXECUTIVE EDITOR ASSISTANT EDITOR PRODUCTION MANAGER PRODUCTION ASSISTANT EXECUTIVE MARKETING MANAGER ASSISTANT MARKETING MANAGER MARKETING ASSISTANT DESIGN DIRECTOR SENIOR DESIGNER SENIOR MEDIA EDITOR George Hoffman Lise Johnson Carissa Doshi Dorothy Sinclair Matt Winslow Amy Scholz Carly DeCandia

Mitigating Financial Pain After A Job Loss Essay - 474 Words

Losing a job can be a devastating experience; it can cause a lot of emotional and financial problems. The main consideration when you suffer a job loss is implementing strategies to diminish your current financial set back, until you are able to get back on your feet. However, finding help sometimes can be a daunting experience, but there are help available and we will discuss some of your options. Contact your local unemployment office to start the application process; this is the first step get a handle on your situation. Another reason why it should be your first step, the Unemployment application takes anywhere from two weeks to up three weeks for you to receive your first check. In order to establish eligibility, the unemployment†¦show more content†¦It is important to have all these items on your first visit to save time. It might be a good idea to visit the unemployment office website to verify what item is needed before you start the application process. Unemployment Benefits Your state adjudicates your unemployment benefits as dictated by Federal laws. Your benefits are based on your wages as well as the length of time work during the base period. The State base period varies, but all states stipulate that the unemployment was beyond your control. Child Care Contact your local United Way office, United Way offices sometimes have child care facilities that is income based. Another option you might try is the possibility of becoming a part of a job training programs, these programs sometimes offer child care services to their participants. Food Check to see if you are eligible for the Supplemental Nutritional Assistance Program (SNAP) formally the Food Stamp Program. Snap is a Federal program that offers you the ability to purchase food for your family at most grocery stores. However, there are income limitations plus other stipulated guidelines. You can contact this program to see if they are able to provide any assistance. If you have school age children, you can contact the school system to see if your kids are now eligible for reduce breakfast or lunch programs. Utility Call you local utility company to see if they offer a budget plan. SomeShow MoreRelatedCrisis Counseling Research Paper1237 Words   |  5 Pagesaffect crisis workers. It also incorporates considerations for how countertransference, Secondary Traumatic Stress, Vicarious Posttraumatic Growth, and compassion satisfaction may either complicate or enhance effectiveness. The conclusion suggests mitigating factors for concerns which could impede effectiveness matched to my needs. The following definitions apply within the assessment: †¢ Burnout involves environmental and organizational factors in a process-oriented manner impeding counselors’ relationshipRead MoreGeriatric Assessment7902 Words   |  32 PagesChronological narrative of reasons for patient visit. 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Contaminacion Del Aire Essay Example For Students

Contaminacion Del Aire Essay Rama de la filosofia que trata de los problemas filosoficos que rodean la teoria del conocimiento. La epistemologia se ocupa de la definicion del saber y de los conceptos relacionados, de las fuentes, los criterios, los tipos de conocimiento posible y el grado con el que cada uno resulta cierto; asi como la relacion exacta entre el que conoce y el objeto conocido. INTRODUCCION. He aqui unos de los grandes temas de la filosofia de todos los tiempos :elucidar en que consiste el acto de conocer, cual es la escencia del conocimiento, cual es la relacion cognoscitiva entre el hombre y las cosas que lo rodean. A pesar de que es una operacion cotidiana no hay un acuerdo acerca de lo que sucede cuando conocemos algo. La definicion mas sencilla nos dice que conocer consiste en obtener una informacionacerca de un objeto. Conocer es conseguir un dato o una noticia sobre algo. El conocimiento es esa noticia o informacion acerca de ese objeto. La teoria del conocimiento es una doctrina filosofica. Para precisar su ubicacion en el todo que es la filosofia, es necesario que antes aparezca una definicion esencial de esta. Una definicion esencial de la filosofia se podria obtener atendiendo el significado de la palabra. El termino filosofia deriva del griego y quiere decir amora la sabiduria o , lo que es lo mismo, deseo de saber, de conocer. Inmediatamente se nota que no se puede de obtener de la filosofia una definicion esencial, y, por lo tanto, obligatoriamente se debe de emplear otro metodo. Por ejemplo la definicion de filosofia que presentan Platon y Aristoteles como ciencia pura, es respectivamente la busqueda de la virtud o de la felicidad. Como dice Dilthey: Lo primero que debemos intentar es descubrir un objetivo comun contenido en todos aquellos sistemas a cuya vista se constituyen todos aquellos sistemas de la filosofia. Estos sistemas son los de Platon y Aristoteles, Descartes y Leibnitz, Kant y Hegelya que en todos ellos hallaremos una inclinacion en la universalidad, una orientacion en la totalidad objetiva por ejemplo: el ser, la esencia, el conocimiento. En los principios de la edad moderna retomamos los caminos del conceptoAristotelico (tiene como centro una ciencia universal del ser). Los sistemas de Descartes, Spinoza y Leibnitz, presentan la misma orientacion que caracteriza al Estagirita, ya que todos tienden al conocimiento del mundo objetivo. Kant por el contrario revive el estilo Platonico (procura elevar la vida, con todos sus conceptos a la conciencia filosofica). Es verdad que Kant en su primera manifestacion surge como una teoria del conocimiento o como base criticadel estudio cientifico. Pero no se detiene en el ambito teorico sino que avanza a formular la base critica de todos los campos conocibles. Al lado de la Critica de la razon pura, se encuentra la Critica de la razon practica, que aborda el tema de la valorizacion moral, y la Critica del juicio, cuyo objetivo son las investigaciones criticas de los valoresesteticos. Asi pues, en Kant aparece la filosofia como una reflexion universal del pensamiento sobre si mismo, como una reflexion del hombre estudioso sobre los valores de su conducta. La supresion de todos los principios materiales y objetivos, los cuales existen indudablemente en Kant, de manera que la filosofia asume un caracterpuramente formal y metodologico. Esta postura intelectual provoca una reaccion que forja un nuevo movimiento en el pensamiento filosofico, el cual vuelve a inclinarse a lo material y objetivo, constituyendo una renovacion del caracter aristotelico. Este breve repaso de toda la evolucionhistorica del pensamiento filosofico, nos permite determinar otros dos elementos del concepto esencial de la filosofia. Al primero se conoce con la expresion concepcion del yo; al segundo se le llama concepcion del universo. La filosofia es ambas cosas: una concepcion del yo y una concepcion del universo. En todo conocimiento podemos distinguir cuatro elementos: El sujeto que conoce. †¢ El objeto conocido. †¢ La operacion misma de conocer. †¢ El resultado obtenido que es la informacion recabada acerca del objeto. Dicho de otra manera: el sujeto se pone en contacto con el objeto y obtiene una informacion acerca del mismo. Cuando existe congruencia o adecuacion entre el objeto y la representacion interna correspondiente, decimos que estamos en posesion de una verdad. PROBLEMAS FILOSOFICOS GRIEGOS Y MEDIEVALES. En el siglo V a. C. , los sofistas griegos cuestionaron la posibilidad de que hubiera un conocimiento fiable y objetivo. Por ello, uno de los principales sofistas, Gorgias, afirmo que nada puede existir en realidad, que si algo existe no se puede conocer, y que si su conocimiento fuera posible, no se podria comunicar. Otro sofista importante, Protagoras, mantuvo que ninguna opinion de una persona es mas correcta que la de otra, porque cada individuoes el unico juez de su propia experiencia. Platon, siguiendo a su ilustre maestro Socrates, intento contestar a los sofistas dando por sentado la existencia de un mundo de formas o ideas, invariables e invisibles, sobre las que es posible adquirir un conocimiento exacto y certero. Mantenia que las cosas que uno ve y palpa son copias imperfectas de las formas puras estudiadas en matematicas y filosofia. Por consiguiente, solo el razonamiento abstracto de esas disciplinas proporciona un conocimiento verdadero, mientras que la percepcion facilita opiniones vagas e inconsistentes. Concluyo que la contemplacion filosofica del mundo oculto de las ideas es el fin mas elevado de la existencia humana. Aristoteles siguio a Platon al considerar el conocimiento abstracto superior a cualquier otro, pero discrepo de su juicio en cuanto al metodo apropiado ara alcanzarlo. Aristoteles mantenia que casi todo el conocimiento se deriva de la experiencia. El conocimiento se adquiere ya sea por via directa, con la abstraccion de los rasgos que definen a una especie, o de forma indirecta, deduciendo nuevos datos de aquellos ya sabidos, de acuerdo con las reglas de la logica. La observacioncuidadosa y la adhesion estricta a las reglas de la logica, que por primera vez fueron expuest as de forma sistematica por Aristoteles, ayudarian a superar las trampas teoricas que los sofistas habian expuesto. Las escuelas estoica y epicurea coincidieron con Aristoteles en que el conocimiento nace de la percepcion pero, al contrario que Aristoteles y Platon, mantenian que la filosofia habia de ser considerada como una guia practica para la vida y no como un fin en si misma. Despues de varios siglos de declive del interes por el conocimiento racional y cientifico, el filosofo escolastico (vease Escolasticismo) santo Tomas de Aquino y otros filosofos de la edad media ayudaron a devolver la confianza en la razon y la experiencia, combinando los metodos racionales y la fe en un sistema unificado de creencias. Tomas de Aquino coincidio con Aristoteles en considerar la percepcion como el punto de partida y la logica como el procedimiento intelectual para llegar a un conocimiento fiable de la naturaleza, pero estimo que la fe en la autoridadbiblica era la principal fuente de la creencia religiosa. LOS TRES NIVELES DEL CONOCIMIENTO. El ser humano puede captar un objeto en tres diferentes niveles, sensible, conceptual y holistico. El conocimiento sensible consiste en captar un objeto por medio de los sentidos; tal es el caso de las imagenes captadas por medio de la vista. Gracias a ella podemos almacenar en nuestra mente las imagenes de las cosas, con color, figura y dimensiones. Los ojos y los oidos son los principales sentidos utilizados por el ser humano. Los animales han desarrollado poderosamente el olfato y el tacto. En segundo lugar, tenemos el conocimiento conceptual, que consiste en representaciones invisibles, inmateriales, pero universales y esenciales. La principal diferencia entre el nivel sensible y el conceptual reside en la singularidad y universalidad que caracteriza, respectivamente, a estos dos tipos de conocimiento. El conocimiento sensible es singular y el conceptual universal. Por ejemplo, puedo ver y mantener la imagende mi padre; esto es conocimiento sensible, singular. Pero ademas, puedo tener el concepto de padre, que abarca a todos los padres; es universal. El concepto de padre ya no tiene color o dimensiones; es abstracto. La imagen de padre es singular, y representa a una persona con dimensiones y figura concretas. En cambioel concepto de padre es universal (padre es el ser que da vida a otro ser). La imagen de padre solo se aplica al que tengo en frente. En cambio, el concepto de padre se aplica a todos los padres. Por esto decimos que la imagen es singular y el concepto es universal. En tercer lugar tenemos el conocimiento holistico (tambien llamado intuitivo, con el riesgo de muchas confusiones, dado que la palabra intuicion se ha utilizado hasta para hablar de premoniciones y corazonadas). En este nivel tampoco hay colores, dimensiones ni estructuras universales como es el caso del conocimiento conceptual. Intuir un objeto significa captarlo dentro de un amplio contexto, como elemento de una totalidad, sin estructuras ni limitesdefinidos con claridad. La palabra holistico se refiere a esta totalidad percibida en el momento de la intuicion (holos significa totalidad en griego). La principal diferencia entre el conocimiento holistico y conceptual reside en las estructuras. El primero carece de estructuras, o por lo menos, tiende a prescindir de ellas. El concepto, en cambio, es un conocimiento estructurado. Debido a esto, lo percibido a nivel intuitivo no se puede definir, (definir es delimitar), se capta como un elemento de una totalidad, se tiene una vivencia de una presencia, pero sin poder expresarla adecuadamente. Aqui esta tambien la raiz de la dificultad para dar ejemplos concretos de este conocimiento. Intuir un valor, por ejemplo, es tener la vivencia o presencia de ese valor y apreciarlo como tal, pero con una escasa probabilidad de poder expresarla y comunicarla a los demas. Un ejemplo de conocimiento holistico o intuitivo es el caso de un descubrimiento en el terreno de la ciencia. Cuando un cientifico dislumbra una hipotesis explicativa de los fenomenos que estudia, podemos decir que ese momento tiene un conocimiento holistico, es decir, capta al objeto studiado en un contexto amplio en donde se relaciona con otros objetos y se explica el fenomeno, sus relaciones, sus cambios y sus caracteristicas. El trabajo posterior del cientifico, una vez que ha vislumbrado una hipotesis, consiste en traducir en terminos estructurados ( conceptos) la vision que ha captado en el conocimiento holistico, gracias a un momento de inspiracion. La captacion de valores nos ofrece el mejor ejemplo de conoci miento holistico. Podemos ver a un ser humano enfrente de nosotros (esto es un conocimiento sensible o de primer nivel). Survival Tips For Small Businesses Essay PaperAsi, las leyes de la ciencia mas certeras podrian no seguir siendo verdad: una conclusion que tuvo un impacto revolucionario en la filosofia. El filosofo aleman Immanuel Kant intento resolver la crisis provocada por Locke y llevada a su punto mas alto por las teorias de Hume; propuso una solucion en la que combinaba elementos del racionalismo con algunas tesis procedentes del empirismo. Coincidio con los racionalistas en que se puede tener conocimiento exacto y certero, pero siguio a los empiristas en mantener que dicho conocimiento es mas informativo sobre la estructura del pensamiento que sobre el mundo que se halla al margen del mismo. Distinguio tres tipos de conocimiento: analitico a priori, que es exacto y certero pero no informativo, porque solo aclara lo que esta contenido en las definiciones; sintetico a posteriori, que transmite informacion sobre el mundo aprendido a partir de la experiencia, pero esta sujeto a los errores de los sentidos, y sintetico a priori, que se descubre por la intuicion y es a la vez exacto y certero, ya que expresa las condiciones necesarias que la mente impone a todos los objetos de la experiencia. Las matematicas y la filosofia, de acuerdo con Kant, aportan este ultimo tipo de conocimiento. Desde los tiempos de Kant, una de las cuestiones sobre las que mas se ha debatido en filosofia ha sido si existe o no el conocimiento sintetico a priori. Durante el siglo XIX, el filosofo aleman George Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel retomo la afirmacion racionalista de que el conocimiento certero de la realidad puede alcanzarse con caracter absoluto equiparando los procesos del pensamiento, de la naturaleza y de la historia. Hegel provoco un interes por la historia y el enfoque historico del conocimiento que mas tarde fue realzado por Herbert Spencer en Gran Bretana y la escuela alemana del historicismo. Spencer y el filosofo frances Auguste Comte llamaron la atencion sobre la importancia de la sociologia como una rama del conocimiento y ambos aplicaron los principios del empirismo al estudio de la sociedad. La escuela estadounidense del pragmatismo, fundada por los filosofos Charles Sanders Peirce, William James y John Dewey a principios de este siglo, llevo el empirismo aun mas lejos al mantener que el conocimiento es un instrumento de accion y que todas las creencias tenian que ser juzgadas por su utilidad como reglas para predecir las experiencias. POSICION DE LOS AUTORES FRENTE AL CONCOCIMIENTO. Para algunos autores, el fundamento de la posibilidad del conocimiento es la realidad, bien la sensible (como han defendido los filosofos de orientacion empirista), bien la inteligible (como aquellos racionalistas que han defendido el caracter realmente existente de las entidades conceptuales o nociones generales). El primer gran filosofo que abordo el estudio del conocimiento fue el frances Rene Descartes, en el siglo XVII. Descartes intento descubrir un fundamento del conocimiento que fuera independiente de limites y supuestos. Para el, conocer es partir de una proposicion evidente, que se apoya en una intuicion primaria. Descartes formulo tal proposicion en su celebre sentencia: pienso, luego existo. Kant nego que la realidad pudiera ser explicada mediante los solos conceptos y se propuso conseguir el mismo objetivo, pero intentando determinar los limites y capacidades de la razon. Si bien existen, efectivamente, juicios sinteticos apriori, que son la condicion necesaria de toda comprehension de la naturaleza (trascendentales), el ambito del conocimiento de limita, sin embargo en el pensamiento de Kant, al reino de la experiencia. Segun el britanico John Locke, representante moderado del empirismo, las impresiones de la sensibilidad solo formaban la base primaria del conocimiento. El tambien britanico David Hume y algunos autores neopositivistas posteriores consideraron, por el contrario, que las nociones de las ciencias formales no son empiricas ni conceptuales, sino formales y, por lo tanto, vacias de conocimiento. De acuerdo con determinadas formas de empirismo existen otras experiencias ademas de la sensible, como la experiencia historica, la experiencia intelectual, etc. En estas posiciones, a algunos de cuyos precursores los alemanes Friedrich Nietzsche y Wilhelm Dilthey- dificilmente se les puede considerar como empiristas, el termino experiencia se entiende en un sentido mas amplio. Los autores mas representativos de estas posiciones son el aleman Martin Heidegger y el frances Jean- Paul- Sartre, que defendieron posturas existencialistas; los estadounidenses John Dewey y William James, de orientacion pragmatista; y el espanol Jose Ortega y Gasset, que mantuvo la postura que el llamo raciovitalismo, en la que vida y razon constituian los dos polos de su concepcion del mundo. EL CONOCIMIENTO CIENTIFICO. Mientras que la epistemologia ha sido entendida tradicionalmente como una teoria del conocimiento en general, en el siglo XX los filosofos se interesaron principalmente por construir una teoria del conocimiento cientifico, suponiendo que si se lograra disponer de teoria adecuadas que explicaran los mecanismos de un conocimiento de este tipo, podrian avanzar considerablemente por la misma via en la solucion de problemas gnoseologicos (doctrinas filosofica y religiosa que pretendia tener un conocimiento misterioso e instintivo de las cosas divinas) mas generales. La elaboracion de una epistemologia de este tipo constituyo la tarea abordada especialmente por los autores del Circulo de Viena, que fueron el germen de todo movimiento del empirismo o positivismo logico. Para estos filosofos se trataba de conseguir un sistema unitario de saber y conocimiento, lo que requeria la unificacion del lenguaje y la metodologia de las distintas ciencias. Este lenguaje deberia ser insersubjetivo lo que exigia la utilizacion de formalismos y de una semantica comun- y universal, es decir, cualquier proposicion debia poder traducirse a el. Lo unico que puede hacerse es formular la hipotesis de la existencia de una realidad independiente de nuestra experiencia e indicar criterios para su contrastacion en la medida en que una afirmacion de existencia implica determinados enunciados perceptivos. No hay ninguna posibilidad de decision respecto a una realidad o idealidad absolutas. Ello seria, en palabras de Carnap, un seudoproblema. Todas las formas epistemologicas de la tradicion filosofica inspiradas en posiciones metafisicas el idealismo y el realismo filosofico, el fenomelanismo, el solipsismo, etc. caerian, asi, fuera del ambito del conocimiento empirico, ya que buscarian responder a una pregunta imposible. EPISTEMOLOGIA EN EL SIGLO XX. A principios del siglo XX los problemas epistemologicos fueron discutidos a fondo y sutiles matices de diferencia empezaron a dividir a las distintas escuelas de pensamiento rivales. Se presto especial atencion a la relacion entre el acto de percibir algo, el objeto percibido de una f orma directa y la cosa que se puede decir que se conoce como resultado de la propia percepcion. Los autores fenomenologicos afirmaron que los objetos de conocimiento son los mismos que los objetos percibidos. Los neorealistas sostuvieron que se tienen percepciones directas de los objetos fisicos o partes de los objetos fisicos en vez de los estados mentales personales de cada uno. Los realistas criticos adoptaron una posicion intermedia, manteniendo que aunque se perciben solo datos sensoriales, como los colores y los sonidos, estos representan objetos fisicos sobre los cuales aportan conocimiento. Un metodo para enfrentarse al problema de clarificar la relacion entre el acto de conocer y el objeto conocido fue elaborado por el filosofo aleman Edmund Husserl. Perfilo un procedimiento elaborado, al que llamo fenomenologia, por medio del cual se puede distinguir como son las cosas a partir de como uno piensa que son en realidad, alcanzando asi una comprension mas precisa de las bases conceptuales del conocimiento. Durante el segundo cuarto del siglo XX surgieron dos escuelas de pensamiento, ambas deudoras del filosofo austriaco Ludwig Wittgenstein. Por una parte, la escuela del empirismo o positivismo logico, tuvo su origen en Viena, Austria, pero pronto se extendio por todo el mundo. Los empiristas logicos hicieron hincapie en que solo hay una clasede conocimiento: el conocimiento cientifico; que cualquier conocimiento valido tiene que ser verificable en la experiencia; y, por lo tanto, que mucho de lo que habia sido dado por bueno por la filosofia no era ni verdadero ni falso, sino carente de sentido. A la postre, siguiendo a Hume y a Kant, se tenia que establecer una clara distincion entre enunciados analiticos y sinteticos. El llamado criterio de verificabilidad del significado ha sufrido cambios como consecuencia de las discusiones entre los propios empiristas logicos, asi como entre sus criticos, pero no ha sido descartado. La ultima de estas recientes escuelas de pensamiento, englobadas en el campo del analisis linguistico (veaseFilosofia analitica) o en la filosofia del lenguaje corriente, parece romper con la epistemologia tradicional. Los analistas linguisticos se han propuesto estudiar el modo real en que se usan los terminos epistemologicos claves —terminos como conocimiento, percepcion y probabilidad— y formular reglas definitivas para su uso con objeto de evitar confusiones verbales. El filosofo britanico John Langshaw Austin afirmo, por ejemplo, que decir que un enunciado es verdadero no anade nada al enunciado excepto una promesa por parte del que habla o escribe. Austin no considera la verdad como una cualidad o propiedad de los enunciados o elocuciones. CONCLUSION. : Si la epistemologia el estudio del conocimiento- constituye, por su propia naturaleza, una de las partes esenciales de la filosofia, la creciente importancia en la ciencia y la consiguiente necesidad de dotarla de solidos fundamentos teoricos ha acrecentado aun mas el interes por la misma en el moderno pensamiento filosofico. BIBLIOGRAFIA. : 1. Enciclopedia Hispanica; 5: 402-404; 1994-1995. 1. Enciclopedia Microsoft Encarta `97. 1. Gutierrez Saenz, Raul; Introduccion a la filosofia; Editorial Esfinge. 1. Hessen; Teoria del conocimiento; Editorial Esfinge.

Netflix Companys Strategies

Introduction The availability of new opportunities through which the various consumers could watch movies had greatly created a ripe environment for the development of competition in the movie rental industry. Market research indicated that the industry was very lucrative as it totaled a combined consumer expenditure of $9.5 billion in 2004.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Netflix Company’s Strategies specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The industry was made up of four segments. The first was the rentals via mail which raked in total revenue of $2 billion. There were also In-store rentals which brought in revenues totaling to $5.8 billion. Video on Demand (VOD) accounted for $1.3 billion while vending machines brought in $400 million. The industry was projected to hold a higher potential for the increase by 68 per cent in the rental of DVDs between 2007 and 2011. Case 4 is about the competition tha t has been going on between Netflix and Blockbuster, two players in the movie rental industry. Blockbuster launched Total Access, a concept that allowed subscribers to return the movies that they had rented by mail for a free rental. This strategy that was employed by the firm worked greatly as the online sales of Blockbuster nearly doubled. By the end of 2006, Blockbuster had a total of 2.2 million subscribers. This was a huge chunk of the movie rental market given that the firm was started many years after Netflix had been introduced into the market. Business Problem And Critical Issues Porter’s five forces analysis There is a high rate of competition in the movie rental industry in the US. This is supported by first, the high power of the buyers. According to Porter (2008), when there is a variety of substitutes from which users can choose from, they gain significant power and thus they can switch from one subscriber to the other depending on the products that they are bei ng offered. The users could access the movie rentals via live streaming, using their TV remote to place orders from their cable providers or even use Video on Demand services. Also, there was a high threat of substitutes as the users could either go to the theatres, buy DVDs or rent s all this were way through which they could be able to satisfy their viewing pleasure.Advertising Looking for critical writing on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The threat of new entrants was more real in the industry as the cost of entry was not prohibitive. The suppliers also enjoyed a considerable power in the industry especially the movie production houses that were to rent out the various rights for the movies that they produced for rental services. This has been the force that shapes up the competition in the movie industry. Industry driving forces There exists a variety of driving forces that were being faced in the in dustry. First, there was an increase in the online rental of DVDs, movie file and music download and consumers were also highly interested in VOD. This greatly increased the competition between the players in the industry as the firms that operated in the industry focused on how they could be able to provide the services that were required by the various buyers in the industry. The online rental accounted for a big chunk thus a firm that provided the online rental services were more likely to acquire more market share in the industry where the firms operated (Porter, 2008). The industry was also being impacted on by the low prices of high definition TVs. This has provided increased more quality viewing for the various consumers thus an increase in the viewing. The competition ill increase in the industry due to the rise in the number of players who will be involved in the provision of online movie rentals. Industry profile and attractiveness The industry is controlled by innovation. The innovativeness of a firm is a major contributor to the firm’s ability to be able to withstand the environment of the operations. Netflix is very innovative as it could anticipate changes in the tastes of the customers. Those customers who were able to stream the movies direct to their PCs were given an opportunity by the discoveries that Netflix made. The firm was able to anticipate these changes and make discoveries for the technology that was needed. The workforce of Netflix is very innovative thus they are able to ensure that the market demands are met by the firm in terms of the design, production and marketing activities.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Netflix Company’s Strategies specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More When such a scenario comes up, the firm will lose out in terms of both the quantity and quality of the product offering (Thomke, 2003). The movie recommendation softw are that was being used by Netflix also significantly increased their sales as the subscribers were given a list of movies together with their previews. This recommendation was based on the previous orders that the customers of the firm had made. The strategy of Netflix is also long term, for instance, they properly anticipated the changes that would take place 3in the industry. They engage in strategic partnerships for instance the partnership with LG that allowed for the instant watching of the videos direct to the television screens of the subscribers of the firm (Porter, 2008). Also, the firm was focused and anticipated that the profitability in the industry was pegged on the ability to stream content over the Internet and not the traditional method of postal delivery. Even though Blockbuster had been the leader in the movie rental industry, it was faced with a myriad of problems which greatly affected the operations of the firm. The high costs that were incurred by the firm sig nificantly ate into the profit that would have been enjoyed by the firm. The firm also trailed behind Netflix in the various discoveries and innovations. The first instance is that of no limit on charges on the DVDs that overstayed and the use of online moving rentals. The firm still maintained the brick and mortar stores that were significantly incurring more costs than Netflix (Porter, 2008). Considering the analysis, it can be rightfully said that Netflix was best positioned at it was well poised to benefits from the various changes that were expected in the movie rental industry. The innovations that the firm made and the alliances have put it in a strategic position to be able to capitalize on the changes in the climate when the changes do occur. Parameters For Analysis Key success factors in the movie rental industry In the next 3-5 years, there is a variety of factors that will shape the competition in the movie rental industry. The first will be the ease of access. There is a growing consumer trend towards accessing the movie rentals through the provision of Internet.Advertising Looking for critical writing on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This increased level of access has increased the number of consumers who may be able to access the movies (Gamble Thompson, 2011). In most instances, the customers who were not able to access the brick and mortar stores have a higher opportunity to be able to access the movies. The growth has been split between the two major players in the movie rental industry (Porter, 2008). The streaming of movies direct to the PC is also a trend that will take the industry by storm in the coming years. Since the speed of Internet access has been growing at an alarming rate, the players in the industry will need to provide a live movie streaming after subscription. The opportunity will be for the downloading of the movies on VOD or straight into their TV sets. There are also the issues regarding the quality of the offering, for instance, late return penalties, the quality of the movies especially the use of High Definition TV, etc. Strategy of Netflix The generic competitive strategy that is emp loyed by the firm is broad differentiation. The industry was characterized by movie rentals that were delivered by mail, but the firm has seen an opportunity through which it can increase its focus. Apart from offering movies that could be streamed live to the PC of the subscribers, the firm also explored other opportunities for instance the broadening of the product offering to the other platform. The differentiation was good for the firm as the customers began to appreciate the quality that was being offered. The quality of the viewing was an advantage that had been established at the firm (Gamble Thompson, 2011). The type of competitive advantage that Netflix is trying to achieve is differentiation which was in terms of the products that the firm offered and also the quality of the offering of the products of the firm. SWOT analysis Netflix There exists a variety of strengths that are enjoyed by the firm. The first is the high brand recognition. The firm entered the industry at a time when there were very few competitors in the market. Therefore, the firm has continued to strengthen its brand through the offering of unique services, for instance, DVD rental by mail was an original idea of the firm, later, the firm also engaged in offering of a larger variety of products as compared to the competitors. Secondly, the firm understands the competitor’s weaknesses and uses this knowledge to provide services that satisfy the customers. The first issue here is the late fees, when the firm realized that the customers were irritated when they were charged late fees, it scrapped these fees from its operations, therefore creating a good feeling in it customers (Porter, 2008). Netflix recommended that customers be able to buy their movies from Wal Mart while Wal Mart encouraged the people looking for movie rentals to be able to visit Netflix website. Also, the website of the firm is an award winning (Chung McLarney, 1999). It has the capability to accurately p redict and recommend the movies that the visitors will more likely want to rent. This was based on the algorithms that used the information regarding the last (previous) rentals of the customers. The weaknesses included the inability to provide enough copies of newly released movies. This led to some dissatisfaction by customers as most people always prefer watching the movies around the same time that they premiere in the movie theatres. In its endeavors to keep the cost of the operations down, the firm focuses on limited renting thus leading to loss of potential customers (Chung McLarney, 1999). The waiting period between the time the customers rent the movies and the time they are receiving them are also long. Finally, the firm has no direct connection with movie production studios and thus must purchase through the consumer channel making the movies expensive. The opportunity that is available to the firm is the development of live streaming and the ability of the firm to absor b the current providers just as it was able to absorb the Wal Mart’s DVD section. Finally, the threats that are faced by Netflix include the high rate of competition in the movie rental industry. The firm is also less suited to compete with hardware innovations such as Apple TV (Chung McLarney, 1999). There is also the potential threat of entry by other firms for instance in VOD. Blockbuster The strengths that blockbuster enjoy includes brand familiarity. Secondly, the firm has global operations; the firm also has partnerships with movie studios thus significantly lowering the costs of the firm. The firm also offered more avenues through which the movie rentals can be undertaken; by mail or in the stores. Customer satisfaction is achieved through offering a free movie rental for those who returned DVDs by mail, and finally the varieties of the movies chosen. The weaknesses included the damaged brand due to the previous charging of fees, low levels of success in the home deli very of movies and the low investor confidence (Leonard, 1995). The opportunities that the firm had included the creation of store experiences, the development of online network of distribution, lower price offering due to the partnership with the movie production companies. Finally, the threats that the firm faced include the VOD, increased competition especially from Netflix and the deregulation of broadband which would allow for the streaming of movies over the Internet. Sustainable Competitive strength The competitive strength of Netflix compares with that of blockbuster in that while blockbuster has physical stores from which it operates Netflix makes use of mail-orders. Due to the nature of business that Blockbuster has adapted, it enhances its competitiveness through rentals since by renting in many places will ensure that it lowers the high fixed costs (Porter, 2008). Some of the marketing strategies that blockbuster has put in place are game and movie pass which allows clie nts to have a limitless game or rent movies for a month at a fixed rate. For Netflix, the cost structure is totally different in that it has ensured that its fixed costs are far much lower than those of Blockbuster. In other words, while blockbuster makes use of physical stores, Netflix makes use of distribution centers, websites and inventory as its fixed costs and are much cheaper than those of Blockbuster. Due to this, the average rental from Netflix is much lower than that of blockbuster and can attract a higher number of customers. Netflix ahs a better competitive advantage than Blockbuster in that it has a lower cost and also it can increase its markets share greatly by â€Å"stealing† customers from Blockbuster while it would be relatively hard for Blockbuster to do the same (Porter, 2008). In other words, Blockbuster desperately needs to have market share something which Netflix does nott and Netflix can use that to its advantage whenever it needs. Pros And Cons Finan cial analysis of the firm Netflix The earnings per share greatly increased especially following the slump that was registered by the firm in 2000. From 2002 onwards to 2007, the increase shows that the firm has been on the path of success as there was an increase from $ 0.74 in 2002 to stand at $1.00 in 2007. The operating margin of Netflix was increasing especially to 7.6 percent in 2007 from 5.5 per cent in 2006. The current ratio for Netflix stood at 2.07. ROA has been increasing, i.e. from 0.8 per cent in 2006 to 9.8 per cent in 2007 (Kipling, n.d.). Blockbuster The current ratio for 2007 is 1.02, thus, this shows that the firm has a high potential to pay its liabilities as the assets can be quickly converted into cash. The earnings per share of the firm have been on a downward spiraling posting very low figures in 2007. Form $ 6.89 in 2004 to $ 0.45 in 2007. The operating margin of the firm decreased from 4.9 per cent in 2006 to 0.7 per cent in 2007. ROA has been reducing, i.e. from 1.6 per cent in 2006 to negative figures (Kipling, n.d.). Considering the financial ratios, Netflix is in a stronger position as compared to Blockbuster. Netflix has stronger cash flow liquidity than its competitors. Priority management issues At Netflix, there are two main issues that must be addressed. There are concerns about the DVD based movie rentals. This is informed by the fact that there is a high increase in the development of new technologies. Secondly, focus on the provision of new movies (Gamble Thompson, 2011). Action Recommendations The main recommendations that can be given in regard to that two issues include a focus on the provision of movies in other formats. This will be afforded by eh firm especially considering the fact that the firm has a huge reserve of assets that can finance the various operations. The firm should also enter a partnership with the movie producers so that it can further reduce its costs of operation. This will further contribute towar ds strengthening the firm. The issues that should be dealt with by the firm include high costs especially those that are associated with the expenses and the dwindling brand equity and recognition (Gamble Thompson, 2011). The recommendations that will be used in this case include a higher focus on using online avenues rather than the use of brick and mortar stores that require so many employees and high costs of inventory to keep. Secondly, the firm should increase the movie offering so that it can offer the quality that the consumers had known the firm for. Conclusion From the case analysis, it has been established that Netflix will significantly have a higher rate of returns for its investors and will continue to dominate the industry. This is possible to undertake through the differentiation focused competitive advantage, the strategic alliances and innovation at the firm. References Chung, E., McLarney, N. (1999), â€Å"When Giants Collide: Strategic Analysis and Applicationà ¢â‚¬ , Management Decision 37(3): 233 – 247. Gamble, J., Thompson, A. (2011), Essentials of strategic management: The quest for competitive advantage, New York, NY: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Kipling, R. (n.d.), A guide to Case Analysis. Web. Leonard, D. (1995), Wellsprings of Knowledge: Building and sustaining the sources of innovation, Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press. Porter, M. (2008), â€Å"The five competitive forces that shape strategy†, Business Harvard review, January: 1 -18. Thomke, S. (2003), Experimentation matters: Unlocking the potential of new technologies for innovation, Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press. This critical writing on Netflix Company’s Strategies was written and submitted by user Xavi A. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Italian Heritage Month Celebrations

Italian Heritage Month Celebrations October is Italian Heritage Month, formerly known as National Italian-American Heritage Month. Coinciding with the festivities surrounding Columbus Day, the proclamation in recognition of the many achievements, contributions, and successes of Americans of Italian descent as well as Italians in America. Christopher Columbus was Italian, and many countries celebrate Columbus Day every year to mark his discovery of the New World. But Italian Heritage Month honors more than just Columbus. Over 5.4 million Italians immigrated to the United States between 1820 and 1992. Today there are over 26 million Americans of Italian descent in the United States, making them the fifth largest ethnic group. The country was even named after an Italian, the explorer and geographer Amerigo Vespucci. History of Italian Americans in the U.S. Federico Fellini, the movie director, once said that language is culture and culture is the language, and nowhere is this truer than in Italy. There was a time when speaking Italian was considered a crime, but nowadays many Italian Americans are learning Italian to discover more about their family heritage. Looking for ways to identify, understand, and bond with their familys ethnic background, they are getting in touch with their family heritage by learning their ancestors native language. Most of the Italians who immigrated to the U.S. came from the southern part of Italy, including Sicily. Thats because the pressures encouraging people to immigrate- including poverty and over-population- were greater in the southern part of the country, especially in the latter part of the 19th century. In fact, the Italian government encouraged southern Italians to leave the country and voyage to the U.S. Many ancestors of todays Italian-Americans came due to this policy. Italian-American Heritage Month Celebrations Each year in October, a wide variety of cities and towns with large Italian-American populations host various Italian cultural celebrations in honor of Italian Heritage Month. Many of the celebrations revolve around food, of course. Italians are well-known for their contributions to excellent meals in the U.S. Italian-American heritage organizations often take the opportunity in October to introduce members and others to regional Italian cuisines, which go far beyond pasta. Other events may highlight Italian art, ranging from Michelangelo and Leonardo da Vinci to modern Italian sculptor Marino Marini and painter and print-maker, Giorgio Morandi. Italian Heritage Month celebrations also provide ample opportunities for learning Italian. For example, some organizations provide language labs for children so that they can discover the beauty of the Italian language. Others offer opportunities for adults to learn enough Italian to get by while traveling to Italy. Finally, many cities- including New York, Boston, Chicago and San Francisco- host Columbus Day or Italian Heritage parades to mark the Columbus Day holiday. The largest parade is the one held in New York City, which involves 35,000 marchers and more than 100 groups.

Examples of the Verb Ride, Including Ride Past Tense

Examples of the Verb Ride, Including Ride Past Tense The verb ride means to sit on and control the movement of a means of transportation such as a bike, car, or a horse, as well as to be a passenger being conveyed in or on such a means of transportation. The verb is used in English to express how a person or thing is using that transportation, such as, I rode in a car or He rides a horse. Ride is an irregular verb because it does not take a regular conjugation pattern. For example, the verb want is a regular verb in English, where the present tense is simply the verb, itself, often preceded by a pronoun, such as I want, or an infinitive, such as to want. For a regular verb in the past tense, you would simply add ed, as in I wanted. By contrast, ride is an irregular verb because its conjugations do not follow the pattern of a regular-conjugation verb such as want. The verb takes the same conjugations as the irregular verb drive, for example, which conjugates with a pattern of drive-drove-driven, depending on the tense. The verb ride, then, is the same as a regular verb in English, taking the form ride in the present tense. But in the past tense, the root changes, with the i changing to o, to form the verb rode. The past participle is completely different, but more on that below. Key Takeaways: The Irregularity of Ride The verb ride does not follow a regular conjugation pattern.  Its conjugation pattern is the same as for the verb drive, which conjugates as drive-drove-driven, depending on the tense.In the present tense, the conjugation of ride is the same as for a regular verb taking the form ride.In the past tense, the root changes, with the i swapping out for o, to form the verb rode. The past participle is ridden, as in: He has ridden the bike. Conjugating the Verb Ride It can be helpful for English learners to view the basic conjugations of a verb. The table provides conjugations for ride in the present, past, and past participle tenses. Present I ride you ride he/she/it rides we ride you ride they ride Past I rode you rode he/she/it rode we rode you rode they rode Past Participle I/you/he/she/it/we/you/they (have) ridden Note that the base form is  ride, the simple past tense is rode, and the past participle is  ridden. Example Sentences of the Verb Ride Here are sentences of the  verb  ride in nearly all  tenses  including active and passive forms, as well as  conditional  and  modal  forms. The tense is indicated in bold, followed by a brief explanation of when to use the particular tense, together with three example sentences. Present Simple This is the basic present tense. Use it to indicate something that occurs in the present. He rides his motorcycle to work.They ride to work together.I like to ride my horse. Present Simple Passive Though using passive voice is not considered the best practice for writing, there are conjugations for this voice, including for the verb ride. Use this form of the passive voice to express something that is happening to or being done by someone. That horse is ridden by Tom.The mower is ridden by Joe.The bus is ridden by the passengers. Present Continuous The present continuous is used to express an ongoing action. Were riding our bikes to the park this afternoon.They are riding the horses to the track.Sally is riding her scooter. Present Continuous Passive This tense is similar to the present continuous but in passive form. The horses are being ridden by tourists at the moment.The scooter is being ridden by Sally.The horses are being ridden to the park by them. Present Perfect The present perfect connotes an  action or situation that started in the past and continues in the present. Have you ever ridden a horse?They havent ridden their scooters for years.She has ridden her bike to work for six months. Present Perfect Passive This tense is similar to the present perfect but in the passive voice. Has that horse by ridden yet?The scooters havent been ridden by them for years.The bike hasnt been ridden for months. Present Perfect Continuous This tense is used to  refer to an unspecified time between before now and now. We have been riding bikes since 9 a.m.She has been riding the open road since last night.He has been riding his scooter for the past three hours. Past Simple The past simple is, as the name implies, the simple past. It expresses an action that occurred and was completed, in the past. He rode his bike to work last week.She rode her scooter to work.The passenger rode in the car. Past Simple Passive This tense is the same as the simple past but in the passive voice. That motorcycle was ridden by Elvis.The scooter was ridden by her.The horse was ridden by the equestrian competitor. Past Continuous The past continuous shows that an ongoing  action was happening at a specific moment in the past. He was riding his bike when his cell phone rang.She was riding her scooter to work when the police officer gave her a ticket.The equestrian competitor was riding her horse when she was stopped by a fan. Past Continuous Passive As in the other tenses, the past continuous passive is the same as the past continuous but in the passive voice. The horse was being ridden by Jack when it fell.The scooter was being ridden by her when a policeman stopped her.The bike was being ridden by him when his cell phone rang. Past Perfect The past perfect refers to something that occurred in the past before another action in the past. They had already ridden the horse before they bought it.She had already ridden the scooter before she got into an accident.He had already ridden the bike when he got a flat. Past Perfect Passive This tense is the same as the past perfect but in the passive voice. The horse had been ridden before it was sold.The bike had been ridden before its tire went flat.The scooter had already been ridden when it was in an accident. Past Perfect Continuous This tense expresses  something that started in the  past  and continued until another event happened, also in the  past. They had been riding for two hours when the accident happened.She had been riding for an hour before she received a ticket.The competitor had been riding for two months before her first fan approached her. Future The future tense expresses something that will happen in the future. She will ride her bike to work.He will ride with the other passengers.The competitor will ride the horse at the nationals. Future   passive The future passive expresses a future action but in the passive voice. That horse will be ridden by the queen.The scooter will be ridden by her.The bike will be ridden by the commuter. Future Continuous This tense expresses an action that will start and continue in the future. This time next week we will be riding our motorcycles down the highway on holiday.By next year, we will all be riding scooters to work.By the time I get to Phoenix, Ill be riding a train. Future Perfect The future perfect expresses an action that starts and finishes at some point in the future. She will have ridden all the horses in the stable by the end of the month.The commuters will have ridden the scooters to work 100 times by the end of the year.By the time I get to Phoenix, I will have ridden for 66 hours. Future Possibility The future possibility expresses something that might happen in the future. She might ride Lucky.The gambler might break even.The commuter might save time if he takes a different route. Real Conditional The real conditional expresses uncertainty about whether an action will occur. If she rides her motorcycle, she will change her clothes.If he commutes by bike, he will save money.If the jockey rides the horse Affirmed, he will win the race. Present Modal Modal verbs are  auxiliary (helping) verbs that  express ability, possibility, permission, or obligation. The present modal expresses these things in the present. She should ride that horse.I may ride that scooter.She might get a ticket if she rides too fast. Past Modal The past modal is similar to the present modal but in the past tense. She cant have ridden her bike!I might have ridden that scooter, but Im not sure.She might have ridden to fast before receiving a moving violation. Quiz: Conjugate with Ride Use the verb to ride to conjugate the following sentences. The quiz answers are listed below. In some cases, more than one answer may be correct. That horse _____ by Tom._____ you ever _____ a horse?He _____ his bike when his cell phone rang.She _____ her motorcycle to work next week.If she _____ her motorcycle, she will change her clothes.He _____ his bike to work last week.That motorcycle _____ by Elvis!He _____ his motorcycle to work.We _____ bikes since nine this morning.If she _____ her motorcycle, she will change her clothes. Quiz Answers is riddenHave riddenwas ridingis going to rideridesrodewas riddenrideshave been ridingrides

In the current global economic climate, countries with strong Essay

In the current global economic climate, countries with strong economics should support countries experiencing financial difficul - Essay Example There are various reasons to cite for the need of external help from the developed economies. First, developed economies have integrated their labour in that they use machinery and technology. In many underdeveloped economies, most sectors use manual labour in production. This is a setback, as the production is not optimised. For example, most of the poor economies use manual labourers in farming and in industries. This requires a large number of people to effectively enhance production. However, with the help of developed economies the poor countries will realise the need for sophisticated mode of operations. For example, the poor countries need to incorporate mechanised farming, which will reduce on both time and cost taken to prepare and produce agricultural goods. In the mean time, they will have optimised their agricultural production, which will improve the economy. Similarly, the developed countries should help poor countries emulate many more modern farming techniques. As suc h, the poor countries will start investing in agricultural inputs including fertilizers and improved breeds as well as seeds. It is noted that agriculture is a strong economic pillar for poor countries. Therefore, this sector will attract immense attention especially when developed countries would want to help. ... Improving the agricultural sector will pave way for massive production. This would be a prudent idea since it will help the developed countries in provision of raw materials for production. This will improve both bilateral and multilateral trade in the world. Apparently, it is realised that many developed countries have many industries that require raw materials. Since these industries need raw materials, improving bilateral and multilateral trade will be a solution to scarcity of raw materials (Wodon 2012:34). In essence, both developed and poor economies will benefit from improvement in agriculture, as there will be a balance of trade. In the modern world, global climate change has been a thorny issue. This is highlighted owing to immense increase in pollution of the environment. Apparently, most of the developed countries are spearheading the need to reduce pollution in the world since it has affected the global climate. However, some of these actions are not reiterated to the poo r countries. In fact, countries experiencing financial difficulties have limited resources in controlling pollution. Bizarrely, pollution in some parts of the world would affect the climate, which later affects the whole world. As such, the strong economies should allocate resources to help reduce pollution in the poor economies. This would help in reducing the effects of pollution. It is noted that strong economies in the world are grumbling for better healthcare, improved income, better working conditions and improved education systems. However, in the countries faced with financial constraints, such are luxuries. For example, in some of these countries, access to healthcare is a problem. People have to travel long distances to access healthcare services. This is

Emergency preparedness flyer Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Emergency preparedness flyer - Essay Example The primary focus would be to draw up a community preparedness plan, the default thing to do in any foreseeable emergency in which certain things have to be taken into account. Firstly, know what to expect. Educating oneself about the kind of disaster along with some information regarding their location would help prepare them accordingly. Populations living near the coastline should prepare for a tsunami whereas those living near or on a fault line should know what to do in case of an earthquake. Coming up with an emergency plan related to the specific disaster would be much more highly effective than a generic plan encompassing all that could go wrong (Kehayan & Napoli, 2005). Ironically, the very technology that has been put in place to help during a calamity has also put us at a disadvantage, primarily due to our dependency upon it. Today's masses live in a very different world compared to an earlier generation, when cross community communications were an intrinsic part of life a nd as such are much more ill prepared when things such as electricity, internet, gas, and water, which they are so dependent upon, are suddenly unavailable.

Exploring the Concepts of Karl Marx and Mao Tse-Tung Essay Example for Free

Exploring the Concepts of Karl Marx and Mao Tse-Tung Essay Karl Marx believed that in an industrialized society, the working class, known as the proletariat would revolt and take over the ruling class, and would in effect, create a classless society. Karl Marx believed this could only happen in an industrialized society. Once it became apparent that the working class would not rise above, Lenin intervened and confirmed Marxism obsolete in Russia. Since the late 1920s the Chinese Communist Party has altered Marxism in China. It became a peasant party with an anti-Marxist petty-bourgeois viewpoint and through all the fluctuations of the left and right turns of world Stalinism, it kept a utopian and reactionary perspective; in Marxist terminology, reactionary refers to people whose ideas might appear to be socialist, but, in essence, contain elements of feudalism, capitalism, nationalism, fascism or other characteristics of the ruling class. It kept a nationally based and classless socialism, or peasant socialism,† as worded by Trotsky. To call Mao Tse-Tung’s communist or Maoist, philosophy socialism is an understatement. Though encompassing many Marxist values, China has done a more effective job of forcing the Maoist agenda through more ruthless violence by utilizing the multitude of peasants residing within its borders as a powerful force, unlike Marxism which calls for a series of revolution by means of class struggle and uprising in the proletariat. Though the Maoist ideology had subsisted in China for some years after his time, today it is an important economic force, but is government-run, leaving it unstable without government regulation as the economy is dominated by large state-owned enterprises, but private enterprises also play a major role in the economy. State-owned enterprises are a major source of profit and power for members of the Communist Party of China and their families and are largely favored by the government. Karl Marx wove economics and philosophy together to construct a grand theory of human history and social change. His concept of alienation, for example, first expressed in his Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844, plays a key role in his criticism of capitalism. Marx believed that people, by nature, are free, creative beings who have the potential to totally transform the world. But he observed that the modern, technologically developed world is apparently beyond our full control. Marx condemned the free market, for instance, as being â€Å"anarchic,† or ungoverned. He maintained that the way the market economy is coordinated—through the spontaneous purchase and sale of private property dictated by the laws of supply and demand—blocks our ability to take control of our individual and collective destinies. Marx condemned capitalism as a system that alienates the masses. His reasoning was like this: although workers produce things for the market, market forces, not workers, control things. People are required to work for capitalists who have full control over the means of production and maintain power in the workplace. Work, he said, becomes degrading, monotonous, and suitable for machines rather than for free, creative people. In the end, people themselves become objects—robot-like mechanisms that have lost touch with human nature, that make decisions based on cold profit-and-loss considerations, with little concern for human worth and need. Marx concluded that capitalism blocks our capacity to create our own humane society. Marx’s notion of alienation rests on a crucial but shaky assumption. It assumes that people can successfully abolish an advanced, market-based society and replace it with a democratic, comprehensively planned society. Marx claimed that we are alienated not only because many of us toil in tedious, perhaps even degrading, jobs, or because by competing in the marketplace we tend to place profitability above human need. The issue is not about toil versus happiness. We are alienated, he maintained, because we have not yet designed a society that is fully planned and controlled, a society without competition profits and losses, money, private property, and so on—a society that, Marx predicted, must inevitably appear as the world advances through history. Here is the greatest problem with Marx’s theory of alienation: even with the latest developments in computer technology, we cannot create a comprehensively planned system that puts an end to scarcity and uncertainty. But for Marxists to speak of alienation under capitalism, they must assume that a successfully planned world is possible. That is, Marx believed that under capitalism we are â€Å"alienated† or â€Å"separated† from our potential to creatively plan and control our collective fate, but if comprehensive socialist planning fails to work in practice it is an impossibility. In consequence of China’s sizable rural population, the greatest point of conflict between the two lines of thought is Mao’s inclusion of the peasantry in the proletariat differing greatly with the Marxist-Leninist view that the beginning of socialist revolution should come from the urban working class. The Maoist faith in revolutionary enthusiasm and the positive value of the peasants lack of sophistication as opposed to technological or intellectual elites fueled the Great Leap Forward of the 1950s and the Cultural Revolution of the 1960s and 70s. The disastrous consequences of both upheavals led Maos successors to abandon Maoism as counterproductive to economic growth and social order. Maoism, since then, has been embraced by insurgent guerrilla groups worldwide. The Communist Party of the Philippines has adopted the ideas and concepts of Maoism which promote the use of revolution to obtain their goals. Professor Jose Maria Sison, the Chairman of the Communist Party of the Philippines states, â€Å"Mao is indubitably correct in identifying the revisionism of degenerates in power in socialist society as the most lethal to socialism, and in offering the solution that succeeded in China for ten years before it was defeated in 1976. The disintegration of the Soviet Union and the full restoration of capitalism in revisionist-ruled countries in the period of 1989-91 have vindicated Mao ´s position on the crucial importance and necessity of the struggle against revisionism and the theory of continuing revolution under proletarian dictatorship.† The Philippines today practices modern democracy. This shows the sharp difference of ideology within countries. It is shown by Sison’s diction that he is passionate about Communism to the degree that he strongly adheres to Maoist theory by promoting revolution in the proletariat. In 2008, the New People’s Army in the Philippines managed to make 200 tactical offenses and captured 200 high powered rifles. Ka Oris claimed that the group has managed to return to the level of activity of when it was at its peak in the 1980s. The NPA, the armed wing of the CPP, remains the biggest threat to national security according to National Defense Secretary Gilbert C. Teodoro Jr. This shows how Maoism only subsists with sheer violence. They seek to implement their agenda by compromising national security and putting many lives in danger. In order to form a fully Maoist society one needs to realize that the only means of achieving this is by deteriorating the conditions within a county. â€Å"The history of the NPA in Mindanao dates back to 1971 when a handful of inexperienced but determined communists established two cells one in Iligan and the other in Davao. The years that followed saw it exploit widespread poverty among both indigenous peoples and poor peasants in the countryside, as well as among many Christian settlers.† As one can see, poverty was a result of the attempts made by the NPA to form a communist/Maoist nation; therefore, the effects of revolution in the name of Maoism only worsens the well-being of the people as violence is utilized to oppress the people. Maoism is characterized by an extreme eclecticism and by subjectivism in theory and voluntarism in politics. Many traditional views of ancient Chinese political and philosophical thought have helped nourish Maoist ideology. From the anarchists Mao Tse-tung borrowed such principles as the absolutization of violence (â€Å"Power grows out of the barrel of a gun† and â€Å"To rebel is justified†) and reliance on nonproletarian, declassed elements and politically immature layers of young people to â€Å"organize† revolutions without regard to whether there is a revolutionary situation. According to Maoist declarations, similar revolutions, which in fact are a form of total purging and suppression of the real and potential enemies of Maoism, should be repeated periodically. If the inherent violence that Maoism encapsulates should be repeated, it would lead to the suffering of many people, which makes it unstable to the degree that the government forces outnumber the Maoists: a force that keeps them at bay. The Maoists cannot obtain their goal without the use of hostility, making it immoral and unstable. â€Å"Since 1978 hundreds of millions have been lifted out of poverty [in China] – yet hundreds of millions of rural population as well as millions of migrant workers remain unattended: According to Chinas official statistics, the poverty rate fell from 53% in 1981to 2.5% in 2005.† However, in 2009, as many as 150 million Chinese were living on less than $1.25 a day. The infant mortality rate fell by 39.5% between 1990 and 2005, and maternal mortality by 41.1%. Access to telephones during the period rose more than 94-fold, to 57.1% as did in many developing countries such as Peru or Nigeria. This shows inconsistency with data to instill communist propaganda. They only show what they want to. They never display the harsh violence committed in order to execute their agenda, which is also in the roots of Marxist theory. In consequence of Mao’s recognition of the peasan try as a powerful source of revolution, his political endeavors were largely aimed at rural China and less on urban industrialization. There is a strong emphasis in Maoism placed on the capability of conscious human action to overcome a lack of material resources. This is in reference to what Mao saw as great feats of endurance, such as the Long March and the resistance against Japan during the Sino-Japanese War. According to Mao, the success of such campaigns rested upon the commitment of man, without the aid of technology or material involvement. Complementary to such experiences, Mao naturally developed a theory that highlighted success as a product of the mind, not matter. As such, material goods were not constituent of, or significantly important to Maoism. It should be pointed out that in the present conditions, agriculture occupies first place in our economic construction. Mao was mainly concerned with agricultural production as a means of survival, and saw no political gain from mass industrialization. In fact Mao believed that industrialization weakened the proletarian movement, by creating further means fo r factory owners and management teams to exploit workers. However the Marxist-Leninist approach to socialist reform which contrasted against Mao’s agrarian views, relied heavily upon the encouragement of advanced industrialization in order to strengthen the sense of proletarian repression. In this sense there was a strong point of conflict over industrial and agricultural production values between Mao and the Russians, which was in direct consequence of the peasants over workers dispute. A fundamental facet of classical Marxist ideology is economic determinism; a concept whereby social change is driven by the economy. However Mao placed a much larger emphasis on the shaping of humankind, and the capacity to change human nature through sheer will power. Mao’s real conflict, of course, was not with Russia nor with revisionism, but with human nature. He believed that the ordinarily extended process of change could be hastened with appropriate stimulation; a positive political frame of commitment and action. While Marx also believed in the evolution of human nature, in contrast to Mao he regarded it to be a process beyond the control of man. Marx developed the theory of material determinism, which suggested that the economy is essential to social change and the development of human nature, a relationship almost ignored by Mao. Features of society such as classes, politics and ideologies were seen by Marx to be outgrowths of economic activity, whereas Mao regarded changes to such features as a result of human will. [Mao’s] process of remolding human beings†¦[is] almost in defiance of orthodox Marxist historical and material determinism. However what is generally agreed upon by Marx and Mao, despite the way in which it is done, is that this remolding of humankind could take many revolutions, which led to the development of the ‘continuous revolution’ theory, a concept whereby the proletarian’s struggle against the bourgeoisie is everlasting. Basically, the goals of Mao, Lenin and Marx were alike in terms of achieving a classless socialist society; there were distinct contrasting elements within the paths chosen to achieve these aspirations. Mao believed in the revolutionary and violent power of the abundant peasantry class, whereas the Marxist-Leninist approach to socialist revolution was to lead from the urban working classes. Resulting from this major disagreement came differing views on industrialization and urbanization, Mao tending to pay closer attention to agricultural development which was a large factor in China, and the Russians to urban development. There was also ignorance on Mao’s behalf of the nature of economics, a subject of which Marx was an expert which is most likely the reason why there is little on economics found on Maoism. Marx recognized the economy as a major driving force in social development, whereas Mao regarded human nature as something that could be changed by will. However while Mao may not have attempted to achieve socialism as Marx intended, a great difference between Russia and China during the twentieth century made such a turn away from classical Marxism to some extent. One could claim that Marxism has never truly been achieved in any setting, and with both China and Russia now leaning more towards capitalism, it leads one to question whether given the nature of humankind, such change is even possible; however, it can be concluded that both doctrines encapsulate instability and hostility, creating an oppressive environment.

A Modest Proposal by Jonathan Swift Essay -- sarcasm irony satire

A Modest Proposal A Modest Proposal is everything that a satirical story should be. It includes sarcasm and irony as Jonathan Swift takes us through a roller coaster ride to show us how the poor are treated miserably. The narrator begins by leading us down a path. He seems sincere and thinks it is a pity how everywhere you walk in the streets of Dublin you see the poor begging people for hand outs. He is seeking a solution to help the commonwealth. He appears to be a logical, educated person who makes it clear that he has been studying this subject for years. He then tells us that he has a solution to help the babies whose parents cannot afford them. We think his idea will be charitable and will actually help the poor as well as the nation. The narrator then does something that I think set the tone for the rest of the story. He referred to a baby just born as being dropped from its dam. Animals are dropped from dams, not humans. Therefore poor people in this story are nothing more than animals. We are told how the children are a burden and how instead of requiring food and clothing the rest of their lives, they will contribute to the feeding and clothing of many people. Any intelligent person would assume he intends to put them in factories or farms to work and not be on the streets begging for food. We are also told that his plan will prevent voluntary abortions and women murdering their bastard babies. The narrator shows the reader he is serious by producing calculations that appear to be well thought-out and then showing us, through examples, That these children have no future. Up to this point the narrator appears to be intelligent. He is from the upper cla... ...eir right mind would want to be eaten? Yet he tells us that the parents would have been in favor of it. The narrator commented on how he has no other motive than the public good for his country but his country does not include everybody. Only the rich and those who can take care and support themselves. I think that Jonathan Swift tried to show how terrible the poor were treated. Everyone was to busy to help them. He compared them to animals and referred to them as creatures. I think he did this to show where their society was heading. The rich simply did not care about what happened to the poor and they were literally eating them out of house and home. Jonathan Swift wrote this satirical essay so the people would at least acknowledge that they had a problem. It is to be hoped that enough people read his essay and tried to make a difference.

Dragon Multinational

Select a major Dragon Multinational. Describe the company’s features that are consistent with Mathew’s Dragon MNC theory and any that are not consistent. Analyse the factors that led the corporation to be successful. Prepare a three year Global Development Strategy for the corporation, taking into account the current business environment. Chosen Company: The Hong Leong Group with specific focus on City Developments Limited. The primary features that define a Dragon Multinational Corporation in their simplest form are large Multinational Enterprise’s that stem from the Asia-Pacific region that have ‘successfully internationalized and in some cases become a leading firm in its sector’ (Mathews). The Singapore based Hong Leong Group fits this classification almost seamlessly as with its many offshoots it is worth an estimated $30 billion boasting highly successful projects within property, finance, hospitality and trade and industry (hongleong. com. sg). Unlike many of the companies Mathew’s makes reference to in his theory the Hong Leong Group was not instantly a global success, in fact it was started in 1948 by Kwek Hong Png as a modest shop dealing in construction materials. Later on in the 1960’s the group moved into Finance for small local firms and a small amount of property investment. In the 1970’s The Hong Leong Group obtained a dominant stake in its most well known venture ‘City Developments Limited’ which was then a mere 8 employee’s and slowly expanded into commercial development. It was in the late 1980’s under the control of Kwek Hong Pngs son and future Executive Chairman Kwek Leng Beng that the company made its move into the hotel industry. This is where we witness what Mathews refers to as the â€Å"Gestalt Switch† from domestic to global competitor. The Hong Leong Group is what Mathews classes as a ‘Second Wave MNE’. These corporations are characterised by using ‘pull factors that draw firms into global connections rather than push factors that drove firms as stand alone players in the first wave’. A classic ‘Gerschenkronian Latecomer’ The Hong Leong Group unsuspectedly enhanced their portfolio through acquisitions and joint ventures namely the obtaining of a controlling interest in City Development Limited before embarking on what the group call a ‘strategic diversification strategy’ leading to the purchase of a hotel which thrust the group onto the world stage and was soon followed by rapid expansion and regionalisation. In Mathews theory there are 3 principal characteristics of a ‘latecomer’ these are accelerated internationalization, organisational innovation and strategic innovation. Accelerated Internationalization Internationalization is ‘defined as a process of cross-border operations when a business firm headquatered in one country controls and influences the strategic decision making of atleast one affiliate in another country’ (Yeung). Latecomers progess by making use of existing international connections in Hong Leongs case they used mergers and takeovers in a process known as horizontal integration. They linked with CDL and used the leverage of their financial sector to fund the hotel investments allowing the group to create their hospitality arm the London listed subsidiary Millenium and Copthorne Hotels plc which now operates over 120 hotels in 18 countries. M&C also signed a global strategic marketing alliance with Maritim Hotels which added another 49 hotels to the portfolio not inclusive of the eight management contracts announced that are to take place between 2009-2011. This clearly shows the rapid expansion that is so characteristic of a Dragon Multinational. Organizational Innovation Mathews highlights that Dragon Multinationals from an organizational perspective ‘dispensed with conventional â€Å"international division† as they had a global perspective from the get go. This is true of Hong Leong Asia which is the trade and industry branch of the group. The roots of the Hong Leong Group from its inception were in the concrete industry and although slightly overshadowed by the property and finance sectors in past years Hong Leong Asia was successfully growing in the background. The group has companies such as diesel engines companies, packaging companies and building materials companies that have merged via acquisition of stake holdings to create one single major manufacturing and distribution enterprise. This cluster of businesses that are hugely successful evolve in their individual specialities growing the company as a whole into one of the biggest integrated trade and industry groups in Asia. Strategic Innovation Frequently mentioned in Mathews Theory is the idea of latecomers taking advantage of an already well established global network, tapping into this via alliances and mergers. This is the innovative strategy that is displayed brilliantly by the Hong Leong Group as both CDL and Hong Leong Asia used this method to propel them through the initial stages of internationalization straight to being globally expansive. City Developments Limited linked with London’s Millennium & Copthorne and New Zealand’s Kingsgate and the Philippines Grand Plaza and know own and operate hotels in 18 countries and are currently expanding to The United Arab Emirates. Similarly Hong Leong Asia after acquiring several companies within Asia to become one of the biggest manufacturing companies in Singapore has linked with several subsidies on both the New York and Amsterdam Stock Exchange. This is a prime example of how pioneering latecomer MNE’s from the periphery use linkage and leverage to take advantage of vast existing global networking. Factors influencing success of the group – OLI vs LLL Within Mathew’s theory one of the main factors that influences whether a company can be classified as a Dragon Multinational is whether it fits Dunnings OLI framework or whether it is better suited to the adapted LLL framework. The original ‘ownership, location and internalization’ structure best describes the traditional MNE as it reaches global status by overcoming market malfunction with superior resource bases and overlooks the methods that form the basis of many modern MNE’s global success such as innovation and joint ventures etc. With acquisitions and joint ventures being the primary strategy of the Hong Leong Group their global expansion is definitely more in keeping with Mathew’s proposed ‘linkage, leverage, learning’ framework that picks up where the OLI framework left off, based on the international expansion of Dragon MNC’s.

Modern Business Statistics with Microsoft excel Essay

When are you entitled to deduct interest? If you run a business in part of your home, you are entitled to deduct part of the interest on money you borrowed to buy your home if: part of your home is set aside exclusively as a place of business and is clearly identifiable as such, and that part of the home is not readily adaptable for private use, for example, a doctor’s surgery located within a doctor’s home. If you rent out part of your home with access to general living areas on an arm’s length basis, you are entitled to deduct part of the interest on money borrowed to buy the home (see Taxation Ruling IT 2167). In these situations you would satisfy the interest deductibility test. This means you would not obtain a full main residence exemption and so would have to pay tax on part of any capital gain made when you sell your home. You may satisfy the interest deductibility test even if you didn’t borrow money to acquire your home – you must apply it on the assumption that you did borrow mon ey to acquire it. You also satisfy the test if you were entitled to claim a deduction for the interest, even if you didn’t actually claim the deduction. There is a special rule to work out the amount of your capital gain or loss if you first use your home to produce income in a way that satisfies the interest deductibility test after 20 August 1996. Last Modified: Tuesday, 30 June 2009 Main residence exemption – the effect of using your home to produce income Where you first use your home to produce income after 20 August 1996 If you start using your home to produce income (in a way that would satisfy the interest deductibility test) for the first time after 20 August 1996, there is a special rule for working out your capital gain or loss. In this case, you are taken to have acquired your home at its market value at the time it is first used to produce income if all of the following apply: you acquired the home on or after 20 September 1985Â  you first used it to produce income after 20 August 1996 Â  you would get only a part exemption because the home was used to produce assessable income during the period you owned it, and you would have been entitled to a full exemption if you had sold the home immediately before you first used it to produce income. The effect of this rule applying is that the period before the home is first used by you to produce income is not taken into account in working out the amount of any capital gain or loss . The extent of the exemption for the period after the home was first used to produce income depends on the proportion of the home used to produce income. Example: Home first used to produce income after 20 August 1996 Louise purchased a home in December 1991 for $200,000. The home was her main residence. On 1 November 2001 she started to use 50% of the home for a consultancy business. At that time the market value of the house was $220,000. She decided to sell the property in August 2002 for $250,000. The capital gain is 50% of the proceeds less the cost base. Percentage of use X (proceeds – cost base) = capital gain 50% X ($250,000 – $220,000) = $15,000 Louise is taken to have acquired the property on 1 November 2001 at a cost of $220,000. Because she is taken to have acquired it at this time, Louise is taken to have owned it for less than 12 months and therefore cannot apply the indexation or discount method to calculate her capital gain.

The good life essays

The good life essays Aristotle refutes Plato's Theory of Ideas on three basic grounds: that the existence of Ideas contradicts itself by denying the possibility of negations; that his illustrations of Ideas are merely empty metaphors; and that they theory uses impermanent abstractions to create examples of perception. Though the theory is meant to establish concrete standards for the knowledge of reality, Aristotle considers it fraught with inconsistencies and believes that the concept of reality depends upon all forms' correlations to other elements. Ideas, Plato believes, are permanent, self-contained absolutes, which answered to each item of exact knowledge attained through human thought. Also, Ideas are in Plato's view concrete standards by which all human endeavor can be judged, for the hierarchy of all ideas leads to the highest absolute - that of Good. In addition, the theory claims that states of being are contingent upon the mingling of various Forms of existence, that knowledge is objective and thus clearly more real, and that only the processes of nature were valid entities. However, Aristotle attacks this theory on the grounds that Plato's arguments are inconclusive either his assertions are not al all cogent. Aristotle says, or his arguments lead to contradictory conclusions. For example, Aristotle claims that Plato's arguments lead one to conclude that entities (such as anything man-made) and negations of concrete ideas could exist - such as "non-good" in opposition to good. This contradicts Plato's own belief that only natural objects could serve as standards of knowledge. Also, Aristotle refutes Plato's belief that Ideas are perfect entities unto themselves, independent of subjective human experience. Ideas, Aristotle claims, are not abstractions on a proverbial pedestal but mere duplicates of things witnessed in ordinary daily life. The Ideas of things, he says, are not inherent to the objects in particular but created separately and place...

Parts of a Book 101 the Master Guide to Front and Back Matter

Parts of a Book 101 the Master Guide to Front and Back Matter Parts of a Book Explained: Front Matter, Body, and Back Matter Beyond just polishing the story or contents of your nonfiction book itself, getting ready for publication involves preparing several different parts of a book - including the front matter and back matter. If you haven’t come across the terms before, don’t be intimidated! They simply refer to the first and last sections of your book: the bits that make it an â€Å"official† book, and not just chapters printed on bound paper.In this post, we’ll pull out our microscopes and zero in on this anatomy of a book - covering what vital components should be included in the front, body, and back matter, and how you can create them all using our free formatting tool.What makes up the different parts of a book?For a visual aid, we suggest you pull a random book down from the shelf and open it up. You can follow along and see how front and back matter are always arranged the same way. The order of these pages does matter (pun intended), so these parts require a little extra attention. Is there anything else you would like to know about the parts of the book or the logistics of self-publishing? Leave a comment in the box below and we'll do our best to answer your questions.